Essay on Technology - Database Design Concepts

Essay Sample on Technology A Database Management System (DBMS) is required to store, retrieve and manipulate data from a database. according to Healey, the term DBMS will be used to refer to a software package for a storage, manipulation and retrieval of data from a database. a database is a collection of one or more data files or tables stored in a structured manner, such that interrelationships which exist between different items or sets of data can be utilized by the DBMS software for manipulation and retrieval purposes. The basic infrastructure to build other organizational information systems is a DBMS. Key Issues and applications of the DBMS There are several different issues related to data management in an organization environment. Filing system was adequate only for data storage, although not very efficient but it fulfilled the requirements of long-term data storage. Data retrieval was one of the major issues in file-based systems but with the advent of Database Management Systems and its quick and speedy retrieval methodology this issue was resolved. In the context of Dublin City Council Housing Project, some basic forms connected to a well-designed database will do the trick for data storage making it as effective and efficient as possible. Data retrieval can be performed more quickly compared to file based system. String based search and a few clicks is all that is required to get the required data from system. Updating of data is also a problematic area when database management system is not used. For Dublin City Housing, some part of data is ever changing like the apartment in which a particular household is residing. People move to different places and this information will be modified more frequently than other data. With a database system, it will take a few clicks to get this updated across the whole system. another key issue is analytical reporting. Imaging how hard it will be to figure out from a filing system that how many 2-bedroom apartments are vacant in the whole housing complex. With the native query language (SQL) of database, it is now a matter of seconds and you get your desired results. These are the basic issues that database management systems cater to however the benefits and applications are innumerable. Features and advantages of MS-access Compatibility It is compatible with all Microsoft products since it is a product of Microsoft, as well. User friendly Since it is a Microsoft Product, users are highly familiar with the interface as it has similar look and feel, which makes it user friendly. It is also very easy to use compared to other database systems. Scalable It is possible that the housing development and apartments might grow with time. MS access has upgrade capabilities so in case Dublin City Council Housing need to grow they can upgrade to SQL Server. Backup Dublins housing data can be easily backed up, frequently. So it is available in case of need. Cost effective Dublin Housing will not have to spend heavily on its DBMS if MS access is being used. Setup and Maintenance cost is also less, as compared to larger database systems. as it is mentioned on the access Programmers website, Microsoft access is virtually free. If your computers already have the Microsoft Office Professional Suite of business products installed that is automatically bundled as part of Microsoft Office Professional, Microsoft access is already available and there is no additional database software that is required. Support Microsoft access Support resources are available easily than any other desktop DBMS so providing support is not a difficult task. L02 Task 1 Classic SDLC Database System according to alexis Mathews (2005), different phases of DDLC are requirements analysis, database design, DBMS evaluation, selection, implementation, data loading, testing, operation, performance tuning, and maintenance. Requirements analysis Companys situation, problems and constraints are analyzed and defined. It is discussed what improvements a database management system will bring and what objectives it will help fulfill. Requirements are explicitly and granularly defined so the objectives are clear among teams of what to develop and deliver. Database Design alexis Mathews (2005) mentioned that in a database design, first a conceptual design of the database is created. In the conceptual design stage, data modeling is used to create an abstract database structure that represents the real-world scenario. Data analysis is performed. Data Items and attributes are determined. Data modeling and normalization takes place. an Entity Relationship Diagram is developed (ERD is discussed in detail in the next section). Evaluation and Selection In this phase the best suited database management system is selected and evaluated by its features, compatibility, support availability, cost and hardware requirements. Logical Design Basically, in the logical design we create a normalized ERD in which dependencies and data redundancy is minimized. Physical Design Data Dictionary is created that defines data types for attributes, indexing and parameters. Implementation It is the actual implementation of logical design through Data Definition Languages. Tables and relationships are created, different integrity constraints are applied, and indexes are defined to get an operational database ready for data storage and retrieval. Data Loading Data is loaded into the system. Testing and performance tuning Database is thoroughly tested to ensure it produces accurate results and it is optimized, if required. Maintenance This phase involves support and training. LO2 Task 2 Entity Relationship Modeling and Normalization The entity relationship model is high-level conceptual model where data is described in terms of Entities, Relationships and attributes. For the Dublin Housing Project, the entities we can infer are Housing Developments, apartment and Household Member. The relationships that we can define are: One Housing Development has Many apartments One apartment has Many Household Member living in it. attributes for each entity are defined e.g. Household Member will have attributes like Name, Date of Birth, Sex etc. The Entity relationship model of this scenario will be something like: Figure: Sample ERD for Dublin City HousingThere are several advantages and disadvantages of ER model. The conceptual design is easier to understand and is more close to the real life entities. Understanding an ER model is easier as it is more intuitive than any other form of database design. There are some disadvantages as well. If the physical database is modeled directly in line with ER model then there will be many issues like data redundancy. E.g: Each Household Member is part of a household and each household has its own set of attributes to identify itself. From the ER model given above, we can see that the Household information will be stored in the same entity record as Household Member. So there will be set of attributes that will repeat their value for all the members belonging to the same household. This will cause major integrity and consistency issues. Normalization Normalization is the process of decomposing entities into multiple related entities based on some dependency rules. The main objective is to reduce data redundancy as it can cause integrity and consistency issues. The normalized database is much more structured and easier to maintain compared to non-normalized database. E.g. In the example above, Household Member module is decomposed into two models: Household and Member where the attributes are divided logically and a relationship is added between Household and Member entities. Now the data redundancy for Household values will be removed. The basic advantage of normalization is a maintainable database design, reduced redundancy, better consistency and integrity of data. On the other hand, a special construct of Join needs to be used while querying the database for required results. If there are many decomposed tables with large quantity of data, this can cause some performance over heads. L03 Task 1 SDLC database methodology Dublin SDLC Plan Planning Phase: The main objective of this system will be to have robust storage of relevant data along with efficient retrieval and reporting schemes to assist in decision making. Data Security Data Integrity Data Retrieval Reporting MS access is to be used as the database and front end engine. For a small unit like Dublin City Housing, MS access provides ample functionality and is easy and cost effective to develop. Some basic reporting is also a part of it and that serves the purpose. analysis Phase: The following functional requirements are in place for this system: Management Housing Developments. This includes storage, retrieval, manipulation and deletion of data. Storage, Retrieval, Manipulation and Deletion of apartment related data. Management of Household Members (storage, retrieval, manipulation and deletion of data). Keeping track of household members movements from one apartment to another. Data requirements are not very complicated. Here are some of the considerations and requirements for data: Every apartment should be part of one housing development. It should be made sure that a household member is part on only one household, being part of multiple households will cause data integrity issues. Every household will occupy only one apartment at a given time. Date formats should be properly validated as incorrect formats will cause data consistency issues and will hamper filtering and reporting. Design Phase: 1. Conceptual Design: 2. Relational Schema Model: 3. Physical Design LO3 Task 2 [Database application (Forms, software application, tables etc) is submitted electronically] Queries are as follows: Query to get member and the apartment they are residing in: select member.*, apartment.* from members left join household on members.household_id = household.id left join apartments on apartments.id = household.apartment_id Query to get related apartments with one housing devlopment select * from apartments where housing_development_id = Query to see movement of household sorted by most recent movement first select mh.date_move, hh.name, from move_history mh left join household hh on hh.id = mh.household_id order by mh.date_move desc. LO3 Task 3 Suggestions The developed database system fulfills all functional requirements. Different entities can be managed easily through the forms developed. System will help decision makers to make effective decisions through analytical reporting. There are several enhancements and improvements that can be made in the system like extending it to handle rental payments for apartments, managing issues like civil works required. On the technical side, the system should be easily upgradable and extendible. It should be equipped to be able to take advantage from upgrades and improvements to core technologies, which in this case is MS access. LO3 Task 4 User Manual access information: To access particular table, click on its drop down, then find and click on table option. You will see all saved records as below: Create input forms In main menu, under Create, there is an option to create forms. You can look form in different views by just Right-clicking it. Layout view: Goto Layout view to format your form. You can apply a theme by accessing main menu Format after selecting Layout-view. Manipulate Data You can manipulate data at table-view and form-view by clicking on the field. Delete Information There are two ways to delete records. Select one/more records from table-view, right click and delete. add a new button to existing form, and sets its operation to delete. Whenever you want to delete a record, find your record by previous or next button and press DELETE. Bibliography 1. access Programmers, 2009. Management Benefits [online] available at: http://www.access-programmers.com/management-benefits.aspx [accessed 27 May 2015]. 2. alexis Mathews, 2005, Database Development Life Cycle. [online] available at: http://www.leon-leon.com/wp/2005/11/21/ddlc.html [accessed 27 May 2015]. 3. Healy, R.G., 1991 Database Management Systems. [e-book] available at: http://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/gis/Volume1/BB1v1_ch18.pdf [accessed 27 May 2015].

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Past, Present, and Future Are Simple Tenses

Simple tenses in English are used to make basic statements about habits, events that happened, or what will happen in the future.   Present Simple The present simple is used to express daily routines and habits. Adverbs of frequency such as usually, sometimes, rarely, and so on are often used with the present simple. This tense is often used with the following time expressions including adverbs of frequency: Always, usually, sometimes, etc.Every dayOn Sundays, Tuesdays, etc. Positive Subject present tense object(s) time expression Frank usually takes a bus to work.I cook dinner on Fridays and Saturdays.They play golf on weekends. Negative Subject do/does not (dont/doesnt) verb object(s) time expression They dont often go to Chicago.He doesnt drive to work.You dont usually get up so early. Question (Question Word) do/does subject verb object(s) time expression How often do you play golf?When does she leave for work?Do they understand English? The present simple is also used about facts that are always true. The sun rises in the east.Dinner costs $20.Speaking languages improves your chances to get a job. The present simple can also be used to speak about scheduled events, even if those events are in the future: The train leaves at 6 oclock.It doesnt begin until 8 p.m.The plane lands at 4:30. The present simple is also used in future time clauses to say when something will take place: We will have lunch when they arrive next week.What will you do after he makes his decision?They wont know the answer before she comes next Tuesday. Past Simple The past simple is used to express something that happened at a past point in time. Remember to always use a past time expression, or a clear contextual clue when using the past simple. If you do not indicate when something happened, use the present perfect for unspecified past. This tense is often used with the following time expressions: AgoIn year/monthYesterdayLast week/month/yearWe Positive Subject past tense object(s) time expression I went to the doctors yesterday.She bought a new car last week.They played tennis when they were in high school. Negative Subject did not (didnt) verb object(s) time expression They didnt join us for dinner last week.He didnt attend the meeting.I didnt finish the report two weeks ago. Question (Question Word) did subject verb object(s) time expression When did you buy that pullover?How often did you drive to Los Angeles?Did they study for the test yesterday? Future Simple The future with will is used to make future predictions and promises. Often the precise moment the action will occur is unknown or not defined. The future simple is also used to react to situations that happen at the moment. This tense is often used with the following time expressions: SoonNext month/year/week Positive Subject will verb object(s) time expression The government will increase taxes soon.She will give a presentation next week.They will pay for the course in three weeks.   Negative Subject will not (wont) verb object(s) time expression She wont help us much with the project.I wont help him with that problem.We wont buy that car. Question (Question Word) will subject verb object(s) time expression Why will they reduce taxes?When will this film end?Where will he stay next week?

The School Of Prison Pipeline Essay - 1441 Words

The ever-growing problem that is occurring in public schools around the country is the school to prison pipeline epidemic. The school to prison pipeline is a term used to describe how students are being pushed out of public school and into the criminal justice system. This epidemic is a result of the education system’s zero tolerance policy that enforces harsh punishments for misbehaving students. Although its goal was to eliminate misbehavior, studies have shown that the increased disciplinary actions have resulted in a modified school environment, police in school The school to prison pipeline is harmful to the education system because it targets students, especially minorities to mold into the criminal justice system. This could be detrimental to their self-esteem and success in school because the pipeline was made to With the creation of the zero tolerance policy, it changed the way student are being disciplined. In the 1990’s, in fear of the increasing crime rate, The United States Congress created a law that allowed public schools to enforce strict disciplinary policies for misbehaving students (Mental Health America). The zero tolerance policy states: â€Å"[the policy] mandates predetermined consequences or punishments for specific offenses that are intended to be applied regardless of the seriousness of the behavior, mitigating circumstances, or situational context† (Mental Health America). The purpose of this project was to reduce weapons and drugs from enteringShow MoreRelatedThe School For Prison Pipeline1834 Words   |  8 Pageskeeps being repeated. That cycle is known as the school-to-prison pipeline where students are punished based off the policies that have been made by the school districts and court of law. Consequently, minorities have been disproportionately punished by schools and the justice system. You may be aware that the funding towards the school district is underfunded which leads to less resources and policies that enforce inequality of race throughout the school system. For example, 30 teachers had to be laidRead MoreThe School to Prison Pipeline2688 Words   |  11 PagesThe School to Prison Pipeline: The Criminalization of American Students The School to Prison Pipeline: The Criminalization of American Students Kimberly N. Wright Western Governors University Introduction Your permanent record! The thing that was held over most of our heads when we were in school. Your teacher or maybe your parents threatened that your bad behavior was going to end up on your â€Å"permanent record† and ruin your life. We shrugged them off, thoughtRead MoreThe School Of Prison Pipeline Essay2154 Words   |  9 PagesThe school-to-prison pipeline in the United States is a figure of speech used to describe the increasing patterns of interaction students have with the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems as a consequence of procedures used by many school systems. A specific procedure would be the zero tolerance policies and the use of officers in schools. Currently in today’s American schools many children of color are being unfairly judged and treated by the public school systems zero tolerance policiesRead MoreThe School For Prison Pipeline978 Words   |  4 Pageswhat has become a pressing question, is what is to become of the future if our youth are behind bars instead of in schools? Youth today are being pushed into the criminal justice system at an alarming rate. This issue is known as the school to prison pipeline ─ the rapid rate at which children are pushed out of schools and into the criminal justice system. The school to prison pipeline is a term that came into use by activists in the late 1970’s and has gained recognition throughout the years as theRead MoreSchool to Prison Pipeline1948 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Topic: School-to-Prison Pipeline Research Paper What is meant by the school-to-prison pipeline? What are ways to address this problem? The school-to-prison pipeline is a devastating part of reality for all too many students. The pipeline in definition is simply a term representing the tendency for certain students to easily end up in prison during or shortly after schooling. To decrease this tendency, it is important that teachers are aware of the issue andRead MoreSchool to Prison Pipeline2888 Words   |  12 PagesSchool-to-Prison Pipeline: Does the Current Educational System Demonize or Criminalize Our Youth? 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The article shares four mainRead MoreBreaking The School Of Prison Pipeline859 Words   |  4 PagesBreaking the School-to-Prison Pipeline How would you feel if the outcome of your interaction with authority depended on whether you were black, Latino, or white? Unfortunately, police brutality is the sad reality that many black and Latino boys experience in their childhood. The disadvantages of their upbringing results to the reinforcement of societal restrictions on their success. On a positive note, education becomes salvation to marginalized group because it provides them means to escape theRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice School To Prison Pipeline634 Words   |  3 Pagesrelationship between educational institutions and the juvenile justice system which was once created to protect children, has displayed an ultimatum for minors through â€Å"zero tolerance† policies which results in sending individuals through the school to prison to pipeline. Studies have shown that these zero tolerance policies are not beneficial to students or the educational environment that should be guaranteed to children. Opponents argue that the policies promote safety, but through this research it canRead MoreLiterature Review Of School To Prison Pipeline970 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar to my question, â€Å"How is School to Prison Pipeline affecting juveniles around the United States?†. In 2014, Fader wrote an article called A Promising Approach to Narrowing the School-to-Prison Pipeline: The WISE Arrest Diversion Program. In the article, it mentions how the school to prison pipeline came about and how hard it is for a student who enters the school to prison pipeline to get out of it, there’s a stigma to the kids once they have entered the pipeline. By having an afterschool program

Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development - 3118 Words

Can Piaget’s Experiments Be Replicated in Worthing and If Not What Are the Implications on His Theory of Cognitive Development? By Shuva Ali Contents Page Introduction 1 Method 4 Piaget’s Experiments and Findings 6 Criticisms of Piaget’s Experiments 9 Other people’s experiments and results My results - statistical analysis Criticisms of my investigation Compare to Piaget Why did we find similar or different results? - Implications Conclusion Appendices ABSTRACT Introduction It is believed that development in children consists of 4 different stages, during which they start to develop certain abilities which then benefit them in later life. These stages are called the Sensorimotor stage, the Pre-operational stage, the Concrete Operational stage and the Formal Operational stage.[ Gross, R. (2005). The science of mind and behaviour. Hodder Arnold.] This theory was created and developed by the Swiss Developmental Psychologist and Philosopher Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980).2 Piaget formed this theory as a result of working at the Binet Institute (1920s), where he was fascinated by the reasoning of children’s incorrect answers on questions that involved logical thinking.[ http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html] This led him to believe that children thought and processed information in a different way to adults. Piaget believed that children are born with basic mental structures and as they grow older the mental structure becomes the basis ofShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesare many great cognitive theorists, but the one that comes to mind is a development psychologist by the name of Jean Piaget. One of his prized declaration was in 1934, where he declared that education is capable of saving our society from collapsing whether its violent or gradual. Piaget had a key effect on education and psychology, and because of that effect he made many contributions to learning and to cognition. One of most important contribution was a model that was made by Piaget. This modelRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Development Theory1077 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Piaget (1957), cognitive development was a continuous restructuring of mental processes due to varied situations and experiencing the world and maturing biologically. His view of cognitive develo pment would have us look inside a child’s head and glimpse the inborn process of change that thinking goes through. â€Å"He was mainly interested in the biological influences on â€Å"how we come to know’† (Huitt and Hummel, 2003). Piaget’s views helps us to have appropriate expectations about children’sRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1813 Words   |  8 Pages ECH-130 Sociocultural Tables LLlllll Cognitive Development Definition Examples of Application of Concept Strategies to Support and/or Assess Learning Birth to Age 5/Pre-K Piaget Sensorimotor stage: :the first stage Piaget uses to define cognitive development. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants have relatively well developed sensory abilities An infant who recently learned how to rollRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Theory And Cognitive Development1494 Words   |  6 Pages 1) Examine how Piaget’s cognitive theory can help to explain the child’s behavior. Piaget confirms â€Å"Each cognitive stage represents a fundamentally new psychological reorganization resulting from maturation of new functions and abilities† (as in Greene, 2009, p.144). The case Vignette describes Victors’ stages of development through Piaget’s stages of cognitive development as exhibited behavior that occurred during the sensorimotor, preoperational, as established areas. Victor experienced a normalRead MorePiaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1449 Words   |  6 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development. It will focus on Piaget’s work highlighting positive attributes and how they’re being applied in modern day and also delve on key limitations of the theory. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested on why children would give similar but wrong answers in an intelligence test (Vidal, 1994). Based on his observations, he concluded that children undergo sequential cognitive d evelopment patterns which occur in defined stagesRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development969 Words   |  4 Pages20th century, the development of psychology is constantly expanding. Erikson and Piaget are two of the ealier well known theorist, both being significant in the field. Their belief s are outlined in Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory and Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory. These theories, both similar and different, have a certain significance as the stages are outlined.Erikson and Piaget were similar in their careers and made huge progressions in child development and education. WithRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pagesrelates to both Piaget and Vygotskian theories in the sense that they describe how the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how th e newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation;Read MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1111 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was based around his belief that children will develop their intelligence through a series of stages: Sensorimotor (birth – 2yrs), Preoperational (2-7yrs), Concrete Operational (7-11yrs) and Formal Operational (11+). He believed these stages to be invariant, the same stages taking place in a fixed order, and universal, the same for every child regardless of their background or culture. (McLeod, 2015) Piaget believedRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive developmental theories provide a framework for understanding about how children act and perceive the world. However, every theory has both strengths and weaknesses. A certain theory may explain one aspect of cognitive development very well, but poorly address or completely ignore other aspects that are just as important. Two well known theories of cognitive development are Piaget’s stage theory and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. As I plan to be a pediatric nurse, these two theories willRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1325 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget developed a systematic study of cognitive development. He conducted a theory that all children are born with a basic mental structure. He felt that their mental structure is genetically inherited and their learning evolved from subsequent learning and knowledge. Piaget’s theory is differ ent from other theories and he was the first to study a child’s learning by using a systematic study of cognitive development. His theory was only concerning the learning of children, their development

Discussion on Doing Ethics Technique-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.What's going on? 2.What are the facts? 3.What are the issues? 4.Who is affected? 5.What are the ethical issues and their implications? 6.What could have been done about it? 7.What are the options? 8.Which option is the best and why? Answers: 1.In the video, it has been shown that there is a telephonic conversation, which is taking place between the project manager as well as CIO of the organization. The company director has an important role and thus he gets entry in the scene of conversation. Meanwhile, manager of the company has completed the call ("Scenario 3: Early Launch", 2017). After that, he is communicating with Greg, the program director regarding motive behind the phone call of CIO. In addition, the manager of the organization has revealed that CIO asking for early delivery of the Willis Project and it requires to be prioritized to the delivery date. However, deployment of encryption is not required in this case. The cause has been detected by CIO of the organization for such order described by the manager of project. The process conveys to the director. However, program director has different as specific issues can arise for delivering the project without being encrypted 2.Cuba (2012) stated that it is important to identify the facts that are involved in the video projects. The CIO of the organization has asked for early delivery of the project before a month ago of the scheduled delivery date. In this perspective, CIO of the organization has also suggested about delivering of the project without encryption that can assist in speeding up the process of delivery. On contrary, program director of the organization has different idea regarding the program. It is important to consider all aspects that are involved with the project. Conversation between program director and program developer, it explores that delivering the project before the scheduled delivery date is not easy as there are complexities involved with the project (Ma et al., 2012). It is also focused that ethical issues associated with launching of the project unencrypted such as hacking. Greg, program director of the organization has explained to the project manager that such type of decis ion can hamper reputation of the organization. 3.The CIO of the organization can pressure that project manager of the organization with the issues that needs to speed up delivery of the Wills project that is to be delivered a month prior of the scheduled delivery as it is pressurised by CEO of the organization. In this situation, CEO of the organization is worried that due to not satisfaction in the Willis project, next project worth of three million dollar may not be signed (Khan Rasheed, 2015). Thus, in order to display good faith for Willis as well as impress client with specific plan of CEO for delivering existing project prior of the scheduled delivery. In this perspective, for achieving the target of the organization, the CIO of the organization has recommended that delivery of the project without encryption would speed up the process of delivery. 4.The particular decision for the project that has affected team of development involved with project. As the project is considered as very complicated, it will require taking adequate time for completion (Dove et al., 2015). Greg, the program director has informed that t, it will require taking enough time for completion. Greg, the program director has informed that due to complexity of the project, it will not be possible delivering the project in prior. The organization can be affected according to the CIO of the organization. Thus, CEO of the organization has showed concern regarding next project grant. It results three million dollars loss for the organization. 5.The ethical issues are usually brought into focus through conducting program director of the organization (Feister et al., 2014). Delivering a project without having proper encryption would raise several serious issues in security for client. It may result hacking by cyber attacker. The attacks can also compromise several confidential user data. It leads huge financial data from the client side and affects reputation of the vendor organization. 6.It is important to avoid ethical issues, which may arise for delivering the unencrypted project. Thus, program director of the organization has different idea of delivering the project prior to the scheduled delivery date. It is essential impressing the client delivering the project early. In this case, fixing a date that can be helpful for the employees to complete the project and incentive can encourage them. On the other hand, software update in later stage including encryption protocol might be solution for the case. 7.There are different opinions in the organization that requires analysing. The program director present video has left several options, from which he can choose the idea (Oliver Chidwick, 2014). At first, the director of program can surrender to the situated pressure from manager whether the manager can stick to the point as well as try delivering the project before the date of delivery as well as without encryption. It allows severe security issues later for which the organization can be answerable to the client and may lead to make compensation along with reputation loss of the vendor organization. It would affect the team tasked for development for the project (Doran et al., 2015). On the other hand, the program director can ignore recommendation of project manager as well as considering advantages and disadvantages of the decision and refuse to comply with the idea. Lastly, the director of program can explain to the manager about the negative impact of organization. The manager may understand that implication of negative impact on the organization and explain higher authority as well as persuade sticking with the original schedule for delivery. It assists organization retaining reputation as well as earns trust from the client and acquires the next project. 8.Out of all opinions proposed, last opinion can assist the vendor organization delivering secured project on proper time. It can retain reputation of the organization without harming the client. It can make satisfactory outcome from the side of client and benefit employees involved with the project. References Cuba, T. R. (2012). PERSPECTIVES FROM THE FIELD: Why We Need a Codified Code of Ethics. Environmental Practice, 14(3), 220-223. Doran, E., Fleming, J., Jordens, C., Stewart, C. L., Letts, J., Kerridge, I. H. (2015). Part of the fabric and mostly right: An ethnography of ethics in clinical practice.The Medical journal of Australia,202(11), 587-590. Dove, E. S., Joly, Y., Tass, A. M., in Genomics, P. P. P., Committee, S. P. I. S., Knoppers, B. M., ... Ethics and Policy Committee. (2015). Genomic cloud computing: legal and ethical points to consider.European Journal of Human Genetics,23(10), 1271. Feister, M. W. K., Zoltowski, C. B., Buzzanell, P. M., Zhu, Q., Oakes, W. C. (2014, May). Making sense of ethics in engineering education: A discursive examination of students' perceptions of work and ethics on multidisciplinary project teams. InEthics in Science, Technology and Engineering, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Khan, A. S., Rasheed, F. (2015). Human resource management practices and project success, a moderating role of Islamic Work Ethics in Pakistani project-based organizations.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 435-445. Ma, Z., Liang, D., Yu, K. H., Lee, Y. (2012). Most cited business ethics publications: mapping the intellectual structure of business ethics studies in 20012008. Business Ethics: A European Review, 21(3), 286-297. Oliver, J., Chidwick, P. (2014). Transfers of LTC residents to hospital EDs: an ethics quality improvement project to minimize non-beneficial and unwanted hospital transfers and maximize system efficiency.Healthcare quarterly (Toronto, Ont.),17(1), 54-59. Scenario 3: Early Launch. (2017). YouTube. Retrieved 5 August 2017, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5M7ohdZ6qA

Principles of Assessment in Lifelong Learning free essay sample

Task A part a The assessment process is a vital part to teaching in the lifelong learning sector. All assessment requires the collection and recording of evidence of student learning. There are many aspects to assessment which will begin from the point of the leaner completing their initial application form. The principles of assessment come under three different headings, Initial assessment, formative assessment and summative assessment. Each of the assessment criteria come with specific outcomes for the learner this will assure the learner is getting the best possible outcome to their learning. Looking at figure 6. 1 Gravells, A (pg112) assessment cycle as shown below The initial assessment will be the crucial part of the learning journey. This will provide the relevant information needed to decide the leaner’s starting point. It is the level from which the learner’s progress and also achievement can be calculated. As stated by Green, M. (2003) â€Å"Initial assessment needs to be done with learners rather than to them. It should be of benefit to learners and help them feel positive about themselves and their potential to learn. Initial assessment may start with establishing the learners, interests, aspirations; experience and motivation or it may be part of a â€Å"getting to know you† activity in induction. It allows you to look at the learning styles which are relevant to each learner. Whatever method you choose it needs to be flexible and should reflect the nature of the learner. From using a range of assessment methods it will enable you to summarize the learners starting point. Whichever method is chosen, it is important that initial assessment contains some form of skill/knowledge assessment which can be validated by the tutor. The initial assessment will allow the planning for any other services which may be required to assist the learner. It is essential that all interaction which takes place with the learner on the initial interview is recorded, this is done for the protection of the learner also the tutor can refer back to any conversation which has taken place. The recording of information will make sure the learner is on the correct course at the correct level, the learner actually wants to access the course. Planning for the assessment is basically you and your learner agreeing on which type and which methods of assessment are suitable. This will vary from learner to learner as they all have different needs and also very often different learning styles. Also included in the planning assessment is setting appropriate target dates setting with both the learner this could also involve other members of staff. Assessment activity is all about how to assess the activity and what methods could be used. For example if it is a student led assessment they could be completing the requested assignment or even gathering some form competent evidence. If tutor/assessor led this could be observation, questioning or even photographic evidence. After the three initial assessments have been completed it is then time to look at the assessment decision and feedback, this enables the tutor to make the decision on whether the learner has been successful or otherwise. This is the point in which the tutor/assessor is able to give constructive feedback to the learner stating if any further actions are required. Reviewing the progress means that any assessment plan can be review and altered at any one time to meet the learners required needs at the time, or upon completion of either the programme or the course. The review process enables you as the tutor to sit with your learner and give the opportunity you both time to discuss any relevant issues you may feel will aid in their learning. By reviewing the assessment activities which you use this will give you an opportunity to amend any if necessary. The formative assessment is the second strand of the assessment process. â€Å"formative assessments are ongoing practices that help both the teacher and student evaluate and reflect on how they are both doing, and what changes either or both might need to make to become a more effective teacher and learner. Larry Ferlazzo (no date) Assessment for learning is also known as formative assessment. Assessment for learning is the process of seeking and interpreting evidence in use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go, and how best to get there. Since the goal of formative assessment is to gain an understanding of what students know (and dont know) in order to make responsive changes in teaching and learning. Techniques such as teacher observation and classroom discussion have an important place alongside analysis of tests and homework. Much of what tutors and learners do in the classroom can be described as assessment for learning. (Black and Wiliam, 1998) says â€Å"Assessment for learning can be defined as ‘all those activities undertaken by teachers and/or by their students, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged’ Formative assessment should occur regularly throughout the instructional process and, According to the National Center for Fair and Open Testing (NCFOT) (1999), Careful documentation can allow formative assessments to be used for summative purposes. The manner in which summative assessments are reported helps determine whether they can be easily translated for formative purposesespecially by the student, teacher, and parent. (Ainsworth amp; Viegut, 2006) state â€Å"By varying the type of assessment you use over the course of the week, you can get a more accurate picture of what students know and understand, obtaining a multiple-measure assessment ‘window into student understanding Some examples of a formative assessment could be: * Asking questions * observations * self assessments * quizzes (sometimes) * learner record keeping Thomas R. Guskey suggests â€Å"that for assessments to become an integral part of the instructional process, teachers need to change their approach in three important ways. They must 1) use assessments as sources of information for both students and teachers, 2) follow assessments with high-quality corrective instruction, and 3) give students second chances to demonstrate success (2007). Assessment of learning is also known as summative assessment, assessments used to sum up a learners achievement. Summative assessment can be carried out as particular stages of the course or learning rogramme are completed, or at the end, whichever seems appropriate. Where achievement is recorded on an on-going basis, summative assessment may mean bringing all the evidence together, rather than carrying out an additional set of assessment activities. This means that all the requirements stipulated by the examining body are all collated and correct. Assignments to be marked and graded appropriately, making sure the work is that of the learners and no one else’s. . Examples of summative assessment can be a written examination. Reliability is essential as they are used numerically to classify learners and compare them to each other. Traditional unit tests (multiple choice, true/false and sort answer questions) are poor summative assessments as they rarely require the application of skills and concepts or the demonstration of understandings rather than a mere reporting of information. The best summative assessments often incorporate the essential question(s) that have focused the unit, requiring students to answer one or more of the essential questions drawing upon ideas from personal experience, from the texts studied, and from new text(s) encountered as a part of the assessment. Assessment methods Within my area of childcare/sexual health I use many varied types of assessment. The assessment criteria I use are based on the level of the learner and the suitability to the specific unit within the assignment. By using various methods of assessment I get a clearer picture of what went well with both tutor and learner and what was not so good so improvements can be made. Use accurate assessment to effectively plan to ensure all groups of students are suitably challenged and supported. Use a variety of strategies (ASL) to ensure students know where they are and what they need to do to improve in relation to their target grades. These must include: * Skilful Questioning and other forms of oral feedback (relating to lesson objectives) which gauge and probe student understanding, as well as re-shaping of explanations and tasks. * Frequent written feedback (Marking), which follows Strengths, Attitude to learning, Level and Target (SALT) and where targets set are detailed enough that students can make progress. * Peer and/or self-assessment Photographic assessment Photographic assessments are used usually with another form of assessment, observation or verbal. Photographic assessment allows the learner to do practical activities and have a photographic record of their achievements these can then be placed either into a book or a file and annotated by the learner which will explain the type of activity which had taken place. If this is done on a regular basis with activities at different levels the learner can see the progress which has been made. If and when using photographic evidence it should always be signed and authenticated by both the learner and the tutor. Is it valid? Yes as the photographic evidence will show as long as the photograph is annotated, dated and signed by a tutor/teacher. If the evidence is not current i. e. the picture taken six months before the criteria may have changed so photographic evidence may not be required or be insufficient for the amount of work needing to be produced. As with positives there are also some negative points with this kind of assessment. * Some learners may not give permission to be photographed * It may mean learners are absent purposely to avoid taking part in the lesson. * You need to make sure all the equipment works and you have all your resources to hand. Verbal Questioning This is an excellent way to find out if the learner has understood the task which has been set for them. You can use the lesson objective in this case to keep referring back to. The questioning can be either informal or formal. You could state you are going to recap the lesson, stating you will be asking each learner a question at the end. This method is used quite a lot as it continually assess the learner knowledge. Giving the students positive feedback throughout telling them no answer is wrong getting them to expand on the answer they have just given. Demonstrations can be done with this method as you could demonstrate the subject at hand, asking questions continually and the students responding accordingly. * The down side is often learners are worried they will give the wrong answer. * They may feel embarrassed taking in front of others Observation Observational assessment is the perfect way to observe the students as they work on a specific project. This promotes independent learning; gaining more than one view point also the learning is timed and controlled. This enables the teacher to roam around the classroom, occasionally offering guidance and encouragement as the students work. Whist walking around the classroom the teacher is able to take notes on how students are performing and also whether or not modifications need to be made to the assignment. The observation works well when the teacher wishes to monitor how students work together in groups or individually. The observational process is also a useful to monitor behavior within the session. This is turn enables the teacher to move the learner(s) if necessary. * Students may not participate in the session as they feel they don’t have the relevant information to give. May not get a true reflection of the outcome as some learners may come out with untruths. Portfolios Many aspects of the portfolio and the portfolio process provided assessment opportunities that contributed to improved work through feedback, conversations about content and quality, and other assessment relevant discussions. The collection also served to demonstrate progress and inform and support summative evaluations. The relationship between assessment and instruction requires re-examination so that information gathered from learner discussions can be used for instructional purposes. The disadvantages of this could be * Time consuming for staff marking them * Difficult to ensure reliability between staff * Can encourage cheating re ownership of work It is important that all learners being assessed by this means must have a shared understanding of the level expected of their work. It is good practice to show learners relevant examples and suggest a proposed format, including suggesting a physical size, as this will help your back! If the nature of the evidence needed from students is transparent, this can aid the marking and go towards reliability between staff. Also preparing a marking proforma for all staff should help. As portfolio building is usually time consuming, offer interim assessment opportunities so that learners can receive advice on whether the evidence they are assembling is appropriate. Consider assessing the portfolios as a team, with each giving comments on a feedback sheet which could also have positives on the portfolio as this aids feedback for learners. Self-Assessment/Peer Assessment Learners can only achieve a learning goal if they understand that goal, and can assess what they need to do to reach it. The ability to assess one’s own work is essential in acquiring that understanding. Peer assessment is also valuable because the interchange will be in a language that learners themselves would use, also because learning is enhanced when leaners themselves tak on the roles of teachers and examiners of others. Self-assessment and peer assessment is used to log the progress. This can be done by mind mapping in different colours. First colour what they know, second colour some of the information you have imparted, third colour all the information and what their peers know. This could be done on several different occasions to assess the progress which has been made, also to identify any areas of improvement, show the strengths of the learner. Below is a chart which I use and can be altered to allow for differentiation and levelling. The peer assessment could be a quiz which they complete they exchange papers to mark each other’s. This can give a sense of ownership to the student. In conclusion I feel that assessment is a necessary part of the learning process for both learner and tutors alike. It enables tutors and educational establishments to keep up to date records of the progress of each learner. Ofsted or any other government expectorate will able to see regular progress, marking from the members of staff and also positive comments with identifiable areas of any improvement required. Task B The assessment process is an on-going process to which all learners should be involved in. One of the main objectives to assessment is to enable all learners to take part at their own level. The need for inclusivity is paramount when doing assessment to enable each learner to be assessed at their own level. If necessary other services may need to be involved i. English as an additional Language (EAL) this will need liaison with each subject leader and the co-ordinator for EAL. This will then look at the specific needs of the learner, ensure that assessment practice conforms with equality of opportunity, and monitor the performance of EAL and ethnic minority students, setting them relevant challenging targets, and finally analyse and interpret the performance of EAL and ethnic minority stu dents at the end of key stages. Whichever assessment method I have chosen it needs to address the intended curriculum outcomes and also the continuum of learning that is required to reach the outcomes. As I am assessing the learners they need to understand clearly what they are trying to learn, and what is expected of them. In turn they are given feedback I give them around the quality of their work and what in turn they can do to improve it. The advice they are given from me the tutor will go to making the necessary improvements. During this time they learners are fully involved in deciding what needs to be done next, and the relevant people who can give them help if required.