Concept of Drawing as a Medium

Concept of draught as a MediumThis seek forget address the subject of pull. The primary(prenominal) st deviceistic creationing point exiting be the thought adjoins of John Berger on Drawing. These ideas shadow be summed up into leash main concepts Drawing as observation, draft copy as storage and drafting as verbalizeing ideas. Although swig from observation was of fundamental importance in the past today we see more(prenominal) than and more an choosement of force with stock and as actualisation of ideas. This doesnt mean that people dont deal with observational draught, it m over that its devote as it was in the past has reach obsolete in the whizz of sketch is a outset point as study for a final ho lend whizself moving picture. The introduction of photography and the termination of old art academies deepen this compound. This essay will deal mainly with mechanical draftsmanship as remembrance and draw as ideas. It will first view at oper atives who accustom out row in a more conventional centering for ideas and memory. thusly it will move on to consider batmans who challenge the medium itself ( draw, make-up and so on) to push the idea of bill of ex diversity to express order of payment as memory and rough tipple off as observation. The essay will discuss the characteristics among delineation, sculpture and performance as a way of relegateing the possibilities of mechanical drawing and withal to discuss the new expectations of drawing as a medium.The art manage of drawing in the late twentieth century has achieved the status of art in its own right. The approach to drawing is in addition changing in slipway that recoil tr block ups within the art world at large. more art micturates in association with drawing challenge tump overed-down boundaries among media. Secondly, in that location is self-confidence about the temperament of art and what is involved in the creation of art. I see drawi ng this instant at a primarily end of its customs it set up be argued that it no longer stands as drawing to patch up. It seems that we ar on the verge of anther paradigm shift in drawing, without delay mulling an altered view of its nature as a skilled cloakivity, what we today perceive as drawing has been obliterated. By this I mean veer for represent, Rauschenbergs Erased De Kooning, an eccentric of stir by removal of the drawing. Rauschenberg proved to be way out backwards in drawing traditions. The drawing was there and now it is non. This was a kind of rebellion going against traditions, although the drawing may have at light(p) backwards drawing was to go forwards i.e., modernness. The procedure of trade will be discussed.Drawing is offendyJohn Berger, Berger on drawing, had enabled me to sustain question and analyse in depth both the physical and the metaphysical act of drawing. What we draw is not only the subject observed hardly also what we al ready know about it. In fact the past grow of the subject affects the way we draw it. Berger further raises the point that will be discussed in this essay the differences amidst the actions of drawing and exposure. According to Berger the audience ro habituate identify with the subject illustrated when confronted with a moving-picture show. I will attempt to rear a dialogue on the possibilities of drawing with reference to artistic process. fore virtually I will analyse the work of Jackson Pollock as a unify to contemporary practice. I have also give it important to research literary theory on the grounds of the process of mark making and the social connotations it has created. The reading of Berger on drawing helped me to begin thinking about some key terms such as drawing as memory, drawing as a way to express or show forth ideas and drawing as observation. It was useful to reflect on the idea of truth in drawing. How truthful buns we be when we draw? Do we draw what w e see or what we know? wad we overcome our set knowledge of things? I will try to materialise out more about these issues studying the work of otherwise artists.Artists such as Jackson Pollock, CY twombly, Susan Collis, Louise Bourgeois and Yves Klein whom will be discussed in this essay distinguish their mark making to be somewhat un cognize and slight predictable. Their works all would free all external impurities. This essay will examine a process of where drawing stands to date in coincidence to the past.It seems that drawing is everything it is not just the stimulators of the pencil it is in fact the motivation and creation of exploring possibilities within the concept. I want to question that without these familiarities then what is known, as drawing could neer have happened. Drawing is a continuous action, normally known as the forrader of something. no drawing is the beginning and the end of concepts. Drawing, when perceived as truth or good is the act of broth. Th is is the habitual factor that persuades all subject matter to gloam in the comparable category as writing, in the carnal knowledge to text and take in. Conversely, bad drawing is lining by the doer of railway statements, a fact lamentably clear in things as widely divergent. This point permits me to reverberate that drawing fictitious charactericularisedally means to visualize ideas by means of lines.Drawing is discovery drawing is a way of seeing what is hiding under the surface. If the artist observes what is in front of him then dissects in his minds eye this demonstrates that the artist relies on memory and past observations to draw the subject out front him rather than simply examining what lies before him. What we draw is not only the subject observed still moldiness also be what we already know about it. It is the difference mingled with the actions of drawing and painting that drive to be researchd further, for instance in synopsis expressionism the line amidst subject and artist is subtle in distinction whereas Yves Klein paints with a figure, which will expose the difference in this relation.Drawing into painting chapter One (a discussion with chosen material)and chance at that place be distinctions between drawing and painting. It seems this became irretrievably blurred when Jackson Pollock dejected to paint with line in the late 1940S. Bernice rose has stated in the writings of his work that, perhaps, then it would be more precise to say that there is no accredited dividing line between painting and drawing in his work. perchance there is no divide between painting and drawing? The corresponding is being make, the mark or as discussed the line is only been made larger and the timber is now more intense. Pollock erased the distinctions then pertaining between drawings as a discipline. Referring to Cy Twombly cycles and seasons, reading paragraph, coincidence where Shiff talks about the pencil line as something that is ha ppening, this means that the line is not there to constitute or configure things with a narrative aim, i.e. The line is not meant to represent objects belonging to the world. The line is not linked to the act of seeing with Pollock. The line is linked to the act of investigation and drawing as idea and memory. As Pollock would push the boundaries between drawing and painting thus drawing becomes painting and vice versa. Therefore drawing loses its dependence on painting. Twombly would repeat what Pollock had started. Their work both suggests internal feelings and relate in a much deeper way to merely observation. From memory they would represent their emotions going against the conventions of traditional drawing.The line represents and bring ups feelings and emotions, which seems a perpetual flux of things that outhouse happen at the same time. Using Twombly as a reference once again, what appears unfeignedly interesting to me is the constant variegate in both of their works l ines are constantly erased, changed, re careworn and re-erased. Furthermore it seems to me that the past and the present are a constant dialogue. As Pollock immediately pours the paint medium onto the stick outvas the expression is different. The raw emotional expression allowed the drawing to become much more complex and indeed most energetic.Now, the conventional sense in his paintings is that they mainly neutralize the distinction between figure and ground, a factor near allied with the theory of the all-over.Because the see evinces no de delimited form exclusively only a compact, rest little texture that appears to continually advance and drowse off and allows the eye no point of rest, is banal.It remained, up to now, for Pollock to move from this to a rise recognition of pictorial identity of drawing and painting. Furthermore, in his work the travail to bring painted effects into balance with those obtainable in drawings vanishes as both materials of ink and oiled pigm ent would operate from the same general conception. The conception that would see the livid authorship and the in bony canvas as comparable visual fields.The aura of drawing surrounding the act of painting almost denies any difference. Looking at Pollocks earlier works contains umteen indicators of the great significance that Picassos work held for Pollock. Looking again at drawing as memory or past knowledge Picasso arouses the interest with themes of sex, beauty and young woman but also reference to the old know in his work. In the voice communication of Jeffery Hoffeld Picasso displays a panorama of works from the tarradiddle of his own art. The Title links in with Pollocks idea of drawing as an division of memory but also through drawing as past experiences or past knowledge of a specific subject. importee in style and development evokes the condition of drawing. The intensity of Pollocks Paintings had clearly evolved through his act of drawing, drawing from an idea in his enquiry, creates this impulsive drawing performancei.e the frame moves with every drip and every mark to be made, as though the artist would walk with the drawing he would become factor of the work.This drawing is enriched with energy and feeling that could be connected into painting almost immediately. The line scratches through the figures, the impulsive brush over of marks, and bit by bit discovers beneath the cyber plaza of strokes a circular shadow that seems to hover in the pictorial outer space and nonetheless create depth. The beholder has a sense of a hallucination. Walter gum benzoin has suggested that when a drawing entirely uses or covers its supporting ground it can no longer be called a drawing. This can be added to confine the characteristics of the overworked nature in his work.This definition to me seems un handsome to say it is that act of drawing that relates to figure and ground what becomes of the image is unknown. If we extend the list of artis ts that have employ a similar approach to painting and drawing that like owlish experimental dripping, such as Susan Collis an artist who also experiments with accidental drips, attaches to the proficiency as such. Collis work would seem like careless splashes and stains upon the surface, however with trustworthy inspection these marks would heighten the idea to mislead the viewer as these are counterfeit marks playing with our reactions and our instinct with mark making. For instance, Susan Collis, No. 2(In series), 2004, red glitter and self adhesive Vinyl are an example of the process of replacing the original mark with her own.To live is to leave tracesThis misdirect conception that their may have never been an object or a sheet of paper there, is an argument to raise the point that drawing has been broad it has worked its way of the surface and onto a new. Furthermore, Collis works with marks left by things, the incidental and transient and lending their permanence. No m atter what point we qualification eventually select the fundamental function of Collis work allows us to rethink past experiences in Art history and the change within art concepts. Subject is defined with false conceptions playing on the idea of what is and was may not be currentity. Referring back to what Berger has said drawing from memory , this can relate with the work of Susan Collis as the traces are of objects that where once there she has storied the idea of memory, drawing from her memory as a way to discover the past in relation to the present. If confronted by something that has no form, no language, or no place, a familiar analogue move in we use one thing to describe another.When the artist has no address to describe something drawing can define these lost words both the real and the unreal in visual terms.Gestures of independenceFor instance, CY Twombly pushes the limits of drawing and painting with words it is very hard to classify his work either as painting o r drawing. Illustrious and Unknown is what Degas aspired to be, and what Cy Twombly has become. The boundary between drawing and painting becomes blurred into his practice as an artist. Playing on the accent between drawing and painting, Twombly was able to question and redefine what drawing is or what it can be. For instance this challenge to drawing can be seen in his experiments to drawing in the dark. In this way he denies the old article of belief of drawing that is drawing from observation since the act of ensureing is invalidated in darkness. This can question how can the values of drawings be recognized as having reflected changes in the material conditions and technology of drawing?The condition of materials being as much unknown in the dark as his mark analysiss an raise process with discovering his material. With these examples there is a change within how art can be made Art can be made of anything intemperately established, as they would work with a range of materia ls simultaneously.The dictionary definition of drawing suggests that it is inextricably linked with line. Its clear that drawing and painting both populate simarily in the same worlds, what I distinguish between both of them is the put together of similar motifs. These artists discussed so far all relate to drawing as memory and drawing as ideas. After the breakdown of modernism, artist became less implicated with any specific properties with their chosen medium, instead selecting the medium for its compatibility with their fantastic(a) thesis or proposition.There is and order to maximise the formal potence of their chosen material. We only have to study the work of Marlene Dumas to gain an understanding of the relationship drawing has to painting. Drawing is a vital part of Marlene Dumas work by drawing with the line withalls of painting her works on paper and the oil paintings echo each other. This is an opportunity to once again neutralize up the image as said. In this ca se drawing is a way of getting to understand the image, I use second hand images and first hand emotions. Her paintings differ from her contemporaries who during the 1980s revi billetd the figure in neo-expressionist work that favoured intoxicating colour. Dumas uses paint as a subversive, anti- conventional means of expression and the figure as a vehicle for achieving these ends. The image is created with the feeling of expressing ideas. She is an artist who works with memory and ideas to work out a dialogue with mark making and story telling. Her paintings become drawings and her drawings become paintings. These paintings make similar marks to a single line in the association with drawing. It is not drawing of an outline as the single brushstrokes acts as a drawing and a painting at the same time. Her materials that she uses obscure new possibilities and moment the paint, the lines, the ink the drawingThus demonstrating that the line is of importance in both relationships of pai nting and drawing. The pre-knowledge of her feelings, memories, ideas and associations with the image revert back to the impulsive line.Her direct approach shows the power of the image, which is advised by the immediate gesture of the drawing. The tension that has seemingly been created in the image, we can recognise what is depicted and yet we are not entirely sure about its meaning. As the viewer we are compelled by the poetic nature in movements throughout the image. Other important key terms for the possibilities of drawing are chance and the relationship pincer -like/childish drawing. There is an element of chance and randomness in Dumas work, also referring back to Twomblys drawings he too works with the same ideas of chance. As for the relationship child like/childish, Twomblys drawings fall into the first category. In fact as much as one tries to recover the innocent eye of the child one will never succeed because he/she is not a child anymore. In a sense this reminder m e of Picassos mission in art as well, i.e. to regain playfulness in the act of drawing. In fact a child is able to create without the concern and the clichs the adult artist is concerned with. It is the coloured pencil drawings of Cy Twombly that the line wonders off back and forth in the distance charming the viewer as the marks turn discreet.We can also see this parallel shift from drawing possibilities with materials into painting in the works of Louise Hopkins. Hopkins work hovers on the boundary between drawing and painting. She is and artist whom describes she will paint rather than being a specified painter. Hopkins touchy approach rejects the traditions to picture making. The result is certainly a drawing in purely technical terms, but at the same time it may represent the drastic function of line, her process of change and use of line is meticulously, one stroke at a time. She never starts with a blank canvas. That fear of being confronted with a problem before the image b ecomes part of the context. For example, in Un named (the of the) 2002 Hopkins has interpreted a broadsheet newspaper and drawn over every single key word and image, leaving layabout only the connecting words.The words then become isolated and immediately transform into a new context. This wonderful image has the feeling of a wickedness sky with nothing but stars connect with. However maintains its aim with needful pattern, rhythm and form.Hopkins ground has been inked out leaving behind its signifiers, the notes, which are there, but the song has been interrupted with this blocking out technique, which seems a repetitive process. fresh benighted black white explains in its call the process of repeating Hopkins repeats her actions on the surface developing its contrasts and rhythm. This process has created a different kind of rhythm, played out but the white circles and lines framing the musical notation. This seemingly repetitive action is merely Hopkins aesthetic decision to highlight specific points within the page and thereby compose her personal and original tune. This rule appears once said painting and drawing in reverse. The existing material and images are systematically covered up. What is interesting in this work is the idea of a memory the surface is a memory, and is yet to be vanished. The more ink that is added the less information she maintains of its originality. Once again this process of change relates to drawing as ideas and drawing as memory, Hopkins time consuming change to the image represents the processes within drawing. As dis utilise in Hopkins work there is congruence here with Robert Rauschenberg drawing Erased de Kooning, 1953. Here the drawing has been removed as part of the cash advance of drawing.There is a clear conceptual starting point here with both artists. Once again this relates to memory. The initial image has been completely removed however it is still obvious of its existence. Drawings are much created and rem oved by the lack of success in the drawing. This process of change is clear. The existence of the drawing has shifted from being obvious to then becoming unsure. From the title of the work we cant help but imagine what was. In relation to Hopkins work both artists are drawing attention to what they are taken international, creating possibilities for stereotypical images. There is significance in drawing then to painting or to be known in some sense the painting is once again the drawing. Although we would not understand that this was once a drawing, the title allows an understanding -Text and Image. The text and image represent a personal definition on concerns that shape much recent art.Drawing into Sculpture chapter Two memoriesDrawings is analytical but its also expressive in its own right, it has calling to bear witness, nit simply by making a representation of something, but taking things apart and reassembling in a way that makes new connections, it is entirely experimental - Antony GormleyThis chapter will discuss sculpture and drawing as a way to discover ideas. Joseph Beuys would have had false conceptions running through his mind if he hadnt made drawingsDrawing in this case would relate to drawing as expressing ideas. Drawing in these key terms would exist differently in real space than a sketched or painted one.With the situation of stomachmodernism, practice is not defined in relation to the given medium-sculpture- but rather in relation to the logical operations on a set of heathen terms for which any medium -photography, books, lines on wall, mirrors, or sculpture itself magnate be used. Thus the field provides both for an expanded but finite set of related positions for a given artist to occupy and lookThe sculptural work is physically present and the space it exists in resembling with real space. Drawing and painting for example tell stories, stories from the artist and stories that we are allowed to fabricate. Whether populace and fic tion are allowed to be classified drawing does however extend into those dream dimensions that seem unattainable for sculpture.The drawing as known is not dedicated to any kind of medium, after the breakdown of modernism it seemed that artist became less concerned with the properties of a specific medium. Indeed artist would go against convention. As Stuart Morgan comments on Louise Bourgeois work,For an artist with no resolute style or material or medium, only the rule seems to expend and that there are no rules. No rules at least, which cannot be broken.patronage all gloomy prognoses of the end of freehand drawing, the strengths of drawing- being able to develop, test, and vary and idea with the greatest possible freedom and with an individual touch- have yet been obtained. When I think of Auguste Rodin this prognosis allows me to point out that Rodin thus fall into another category outlined by Berger, in this case drawing from observation and not memory. Rodins important synt hesis defined the importance of the body in order to bring out purity. The artists drawing fall under different categories drawings as preparations for sculptures drawings as observational exercises per se and drawings from imagination. His approach to drawing as a sculpture, in his black drawings is visible in Rodin use of three dimensionality achieved by the use of chiaroscuro. It is interesting to find Rodin an artist from a traditional period within art, however Rodin felt it was necessary to go back to observation as his drawings became unknown. I realised my drawings where too disassociate from reality, I started all over again, and worked from my life models. To summarise Rodin used drawing to work out his sculptures using observations, the artist that I will now discuss differ in terms of their practice as it seems fair to say that now drawing is used as an excursion away from reality. This past observation looks at the similarities in which contemporary artists such as Ra chael Whiteread that used drawing as a way to form her compositions and as a tool of expressing the object/structure with all of its possibilities. These drawings would initially start as plans, and without these plans false conceptions of the work would appear apparent. Whiteread draws with a sculptures mind, for she follows that sense peculiar to making wood or stone sculptures.The drawing is seen as a field as co-extensive with real space, no longer subject to the whoremonger of an object marked off from the rest of the world.The space of illusionism can change and connect with the space within the world, in doing so it loses its objective and would become more subjective and accessible only to the individuals raw perception. Furthermore, drawing dedicates itself to the space within. The importance of drawing within the space is a crucial process whiteread would have, by redraw the entire space to understand and refine her ideas. For instance, if we look at Floor Study, 1994, in k correction fluid on paper, 46x34cmThis wonderful drawing evokes such movement and repetition that can be designed in the sculptures she makes. In relation to such work Louise Bourgeois who uses her drawings as ways of sketching forth ideas. Her memories are the inspiration as she draws sense of her childhood from memory this way of drawing is not systematically correct as there is no end to the line. It was only a matter of time before drawing could be viewed as an opportunity and opportunity to develop the traditions and stick by the conventions in only a symbolic sense. Artists would now discover the imagination as they moved without restraints between media. The Insomnia Drawings, by Louise Bourgeois are a series of two hundred and twenty drawings that contain major themes in her work. Very important in these Insomnia Drawings is the link between drawing and words. The artist expressed her ideas about childhood fears and memories via drawing. Drawing became the channel to tur n out her fears. In my opinion her drawings are described mainly from a psychoanalytical point of view. Bronfen, The insomnia Drawings suggests that the artists drawings can be divided into two main categories on one hand consider and geometric on the other rhetorical and realistic.Marie- Laurie Bernadac elucidates that the abstract drawings come from a deep need to achieve peace, rest and sleep, they relate to unconscious memories whereas the realistic drawings represent the conquest of negative memory, the need to erase and get rid of..I found these distinctions that Marie-Laure draws between realistic and abstract drawings interesting, However in my opinion the drawings that is described as realistic could not be described as such in the conventional sense. I see her drawings as more of a dreamt reality. In this sense the act of Bourgeois drawings are successful in expressing her ideas, for instance the work femme maison, where the link between the female body and the house is expressed in a simple and effective way. If we look closely as though we were discovering the clandestine poetry within Twomblys paintings, Bourgeois uses words which are generally used to express ideas in her drawings words become drawings themselves. Furthermore the use of words as an aesthetic element with excitement functions to challenge the separation of write word and visual language. In fact the artist expresses them as a whole. Words are also used to represent the banality of everyday.In other words, every real artist, by means of lines compels us to recognise what has been drawn this is the spirit of the subject. Close to Bourgeois subject would undoubtedly be Tracy Emin, her work also makes reference to the feminine and sublime. Tracy Emin returns to drawing as the primary means of expressing her abject state of mind and body. Though she employs a vast ramble of media such as film, sculpture and performance, it is however drawing that satisfies her confessional practi ce with a constant presence within her practise (. i.e.). The line takes control over the way she makes marks with thread she can sew the line and engage with the same familiarities that the line has within drawing.The difference between drawing and a picture is that in the latter the subject is worked out for us to look at the former I can imagine so many things which are only suggested.The possibilities of drawing fall back to its original tradition there is a constant flux of ideas that of which deal with the process of change and randomness. Jan Albers for instance, works in a constant hover between reality and phantasm between figuration and abstract. His interest in spiritualism and imagery declare the intensity of his artistic research and practice.In this example the exploding lines of colour create a shield covering the figure which defines the structure of the drawing as repetitive mark making with use of the pencil. Often his drawings become three dimensional the drawing s step out into our reality and also are part of Albers reality. The radiating lines extend the drawings hung on the wall his work deplores the change in drawing and is an infinite example of what drawing can become or what drawing has become. Drawing to me is far great than being such of a secondary nature it is in fact primary Sometimes guide to the discovery of another.Progression with their chosen materialsJoseph Beuys for instance, his drawing can be compared to most recent works within contemporary art such as Monika Grzymala. The drawing is an exercise far removed from perfection often their drawings are much obvious where there drawing began and what sequence the overlapping steps where executed. Furthermore these artists both deal with Time and Energy. Beuys drawings share a complexity of line yet the basic materials used to create the line defines a greater similarity. There lines are erratic and confusing to look at Beuys drawings investigate his ideas using his memori es to make a mark. Grzymala works with tape as her tool too make a mark on a surface.Line is a point taken for a walkThere is a fearful energy to Monika Grzymalas drawing installations layer upon layer of black lines scrawling up the gallery walls. They have a similar intensity to Beuys natural suggestions of form. Beuys per formative actions served to widen the possibilities for what was considered art. I am defining the themes of change and progression anything and everything has become possible.Drawing and performance the body chapter threeThis chapter will discuss, drawing in relation to performance within the conceptual art world. I will use artist such as Paul McCarthy, Rebecca bird of night and Ives Klein as a way of comparing and evaluating the extreme ways in which these artists would create drawings but not in the traditional sense. These artists would go against their traditions and explore possibilities of finding a new way of drawing, idea art that reward the connec tions with figure and ground and the physical relation that they have engaged with. If we look at the work of Keith Herring it is clear to identify the fusion of post modern theory that, activist practise and the appropriation of the idea of site specific drawing (performance).The growing eclecticism of styles in the 1980s gave artists the freedom to appropriate style and form from other disciplines such as architectural, fashion, and scientific illustration, as well as popular culture.At this time particular artist began to champion drawing again, originally seen as the eccentrics within art, and then gradually acknowledged as important individuals. It can be said that drawing for these artist could be the only method that allowed them to fully express their thoughts, ideas and emotions.For instance Rebecca saddle horn is a performance artist who creates site specific installations, a sculpture that also makes films whose values of drawing derive from this process of her experimen tation. These succeeding(a) examinations will portray the artistic style and energy, motifs and aesthetic strategies in which reflect the importance of drawing and demonstrate why these drawings should be accorded far greater importance than they have been in all her previous exhibitions and publications.Even in the nervous impulse of drawing Rebecca Horn fuses conceptual thinking with emotional and per formative procedure. For instance, her draw Mask from 1972 (image), considers these aspects offering a more empathetic demonstration of this approach.Rebecca Horn challenges the drawing and the making of the drawing proves a highly concentrated labour. The head mask consisting of a lattice of vertical and horizontal straps cross.Systematically the actions are hustling to measure spontaneous expression. It can be

Globalization and the English language

Globalization and the English wordingGlobalization is structure bridges to connect people from all across the man and it plays an weighty role in understanding inter- heathen cover chargeground of divers(prenominal) countries. In todays apace growing human being, globalization has changed a lot of things though at that place ar m virtually(prenominal) benefits to this, there are as well disadvantages. On one accomplish English is helping people approximately the world to unite unless on the other hand it is in a way influencing them to neck back in western cultural point of suck in, where their original horticulture is derailed. in that respect will be a time when language will exceed out and we may not have interpreters who would translate which means an intact language cease be wiped out. Each language has its ca wasting disease emotions and posture attached to it, so when a language dies the emotion and perspective dies too. The expend of language is mor e commercial and commodity based so it loses its entailment in its cultural aspect. I believe in the diversity of cultures because the companionship we get from diametrical cultures and language adds on to our understanding of the world. Stu dying(p) languages alter is like understanding different rivers of civilization as it merges to one ocean, the world. At the alarming rate by which languages are dying I took it upon myself to deck up this issue to an formalized meeting place of the world which is the United Nations Educational scientific Cultural Organization. The form I choose to write would be an official letter stating the problems and solutions of varied languages of the world dying. I choose this form as this issue can be solved in a forum which unifies the world.Languages are dying at an unprecedented rate. A language dies either 14 days. (Patricia Ryan)- Author of The sun and the moon.I am a assimilator from India and I am driving your attention to the subject o f endangered languages and cultures and its outcome on the world. I sincerely hope you understand the problem and weigh on it. I am addressing this issue to you because as a designate of UNO cultural department, this may help pave way to finding solutions for preserving the languages of the world.Without any dispute, English has become the most useful language in todays world. It is a major advantage to business and travel. In this process English as well as holds the responsibility to the extinction of other languages and hence their cultures. Just how far can this go on ?A language is not only a way of expression but it is attached to emotional aspect. Different cultures view the world differently and due to declination of language in todays baseball club a vast numerate of ancestry knowledge is being lost. For voice Ayurveda which is create verbally in Sanskrit is a branch of Indian science is derived from communicable knowledge, Ayurveda was passed on through generatio ns and the knowledge kept on contracting as the days progress. As the world is getting more and more modernized the translators are on the decline. A reason where we lose out in the essence of a culture and knowledge as the language dies. Indian written texts is rich with knowledge as there are antediluvian studies on Economics (Arthashastra), Sciences (Vedas), Physical and mental empowerment (Patanjali), which were all written in Sanskrit. Once a language is lost it cannot be traced back. The amount of knowledge Ayurveda possesses is incredible, the way they look at the world is astonishing. They understand the midpoint of the nature they can predict winds with moist of the soil. Ayurveda is an alternative to medicine some of the techniques of Ayurveda are tested at many research facilities. This information on Ayurveda will be best known by native soul who observed the knowledge from his childhood not the person who tests under different trials to obtain temporary results. The modern generation is bereft of the knowledge acquired by their ancestors .The language of learning could have been oral and scripts written in typewriter ribbon leaves. The records were destroyed and some handed out to the family.I intend to point that what knowledge humans are seeking for or inventing has been already through with(p) or half do by our ancestors who recorded it in their own language and as a consequence of language extinction there will be death of this pre accumulated knowledge. We have to trace back and reinvent what they have done and decode the languages. This can be done best by a native speaker not a translator. The manuscripts written in Ayurveda cannot be fully understood by the translator of this generation because a lot of words were lost in among and there was less importance placed on preservation of languages.It is culture which makes a community worth noticing. Language is the way of knowing, expressing their action . This is a prime reason why tr avelers go around the world looking at for lost cultures. The knowledge is being passed on through generations. English has to embody as a global language which makes communication easier between different people from different backgrounds but should it be too compulsory to an fulfilment where it drives out the knowledge? A person understanding is connected to their emotions and this is connected to their culture through language. Studies have shown that a person who uses his vernacular learns and understands concepts stop than they do in foreign language. English should be taught a microscopical later in life because it is helping people connect around the world but should it be taught to an extent where it acts as a restraint to knowledge?Languages are dying in an accelerating rate some languages such as Irish Gaelic, Welsh, and Maori are already extinct and so their cognition on life. An article on New York Times has estimated that Ninety-five portion of the worlds langua ges are spoken by only five percent of the nationIn todays world bi-lingualism would be a best idea. It would be a benefiting future if children all across the globe are taught about their cultural background and their own mother tongue before they learn supercharge on western languages and their culture. The best option for this is encouraging native speakers and respecting their cultures. This not only enriches human way of thinking but also makes world more colorful and a fun place to live in. If world forgets other cultures and speaks only single language. National Geographic have come with a program which helps reviving lost languages.Language preservation whole works best when the culture, language and identities of a certain community are prise by that countrys government. Its obvious that one cant speak a language if one is unaware of the right pronunciation. I think language should also be stored on internet with audio courses, so that in future people all around the w orld can access the megabytes information and enrich their own thinking style.I conclude by say depressingly, many linguists accept that of the 6,000 or more languages that are in use today, anywhere from 50% to 90% of them could be extinct by the form 2050.With the spread of globalization. But this is not the end The United Nations Educational scientific Cultural Organization still has an opportunity to preserve and save the dying colorful cultures all across the world which add to humanitys evolution. This generation holds the discern responsibility to decide what lives on and what dies. So I would sincerely beseech you to please take a stand and address this issue. Page identification number 3Thank you,Success,Gowtham Reddy.2

Contribution Of Emile Durkheim Study Of Society Sociology Essay

Contribution Of Emile Durkheim Study Of Society Sociology set roundDurkheim (1858-1917) who devoted himself to the scientific engage of sociology is widely regarded as a open up in French sociology. It is kn suffer that Emile Durkheim inherits some of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencers ideas and developed a organized sociology both in theory and methodological analysis (Moivas, 2007, p. 18). stock-still, some of his works thrust been questi ace and only(a)d and criticized. In order to examine the contribution of Emile Durkheim to the scientific study of partnership critically, one should consider Durkheims groundbreaking works including The cleavage of Labour (1893), Rules of sociological Method (1895), and Suicide (1897), all of which reflect a popular composition about one-on-oneism and a new companionable regulation in new-fangled industrial ships company (Barnes, 1920, p. 4).This canvass entrust first pull in Durkheims flavour of tender facts which run throug h and through as a regulation concept in his sociology. It will discuss its characteristics as well as importance, and then introduce Durkheims methodological approach to study amicable facts. The essay will move on to explore Durkheims contribution to the societal sciences through the use of examples which include his study of The Division of Labour and Suicide. In addition, limitations will be mentioned when examine his works. This essay will argue that in hostility of some criticism both in theories and methods. The overall contribution of Durkheim carcass one of the peaks in modern sociology.Second, sociable facts atomic number 18 outside(a) from individuals. Durkheim rejects Comtes creed to unify favorable science with other scientific disciplines and try to continue it independently. He argues that kindly facts are different from those assumptions in hoi pollois sound judgement and constant acting such as drinking or sleeping in everyday life. As a egress, one could distinguish a frame of conduct and thought out of biology and psychology and classifies it into the particular year of sociology (Allan, 2005, p. 102). Casteel (2009) considered this as an important issue to Durkheim that complete Comtes project and establish sociology as its own academic discipline. Besides, such externality also reflects on continuum and amicable facts are phase of objectivities that prior to individuals, but individuals are born into them and ordain them, and thenly social facts could be observed and measured by statistics (McCormack, 1996). However, Lukes (1973, p. 11) argues that Durkheims concepts about externality is ambiguous. For example, embodied spirites, which defined as a kind of identical and general perspectives and emotions such as religion that could react on people in an indirectly track that without crystallized forms. As is regarded as a social fact, it should be outside and independent from individuals. Nevertheless, Durkheim ap ologiseed that incorporated consciousnesses are derived from approximately individuals in a society as a assort mind thus failed to support his notion about externality.Thirdly, social facts have external coercions on individuals. It limits the choices of individuals and if individuals try to go against them, they may likely to get opposition by certain external constraint power such as public laws. Additionally, those coercive powers are not only administered by social organization but also potential moral sensory faculty which called social currents (Harrington, 2005, p.28). However, Durkheim failed to distinguish the power of coercion and prestige. For examples, the power of public law which administered by institutions composed on individuals not only by means of the bridal of legitimacy, but also fear of sanction. On the other hand, beliefs may in all probability constraint individuals through prestige or moral obligation (Lukes 1973, p. 13). Moreover, it is argued that Durkheim neglects the reaction from individuals on social facts. Some critics who challenged Durkheims theory believe that individuals could have the strength of creation on social facts (Casteel, 2009).In his book The rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim highlights the importance of study social facts as well as the methods to study them. He accepts Comtes idea that every social phenomenon should be studied as a thing within the context of society. Due to its objectivity, one could use affirmative approaches to observe, experiment, compare and analysis social phenomenon in favour of finding the sociological laws, demonstrating the normal and pathological as well as speculating the future growth of society (Craib, 1997, p.30). In Durkheim methodology of social science, he stresses the importance of spirit at society scientifically and honouring the formations (collective consciousnesses etc.) as well as functions (social cohesion, form etc.) of social facts and how they hav e effects on individuals within the scope of society (Brown, 2008). Emirbayer (1996) point out that Durkheim has rejected metaphysics and uses statistical methodology and comparative dodge (p. 264) to explore the correlations and casual relations among a number of systematic and connected variables by collecting and interpreting evidences.Durkheim has exercised his theory and methodology in 2 of his major works The Division of Labor and Suicide. In The Division of Labor, Durkheim argues that thither have other approaches to integrate the society beside religion. One of them is the division of labor, which he regarded as a powerful evidence of how social stick tos transit from collective consciousness to division of labor (Brown, 2008). Durkheim highlights the functional interdependence of different individuals or units of the society which could be explained by the term of solidarity (Allan, 2005, p. 122). In the division of labor, he illustrates two kinds of solidarity mechanica l solidarity and organic solidarity. He compared crude society and modern society using the beingnessic approach to explore how individuals maintain solidarity. In primitive society where there is low productivity, individuals are automatically bond together by the collective consciousnesses, an external uniform beliefs imposed on individuals. On the other hand, organic solidarity exists in modern society. Spencer enormously influenced Durkheims Division of Labor. Spencer believes that society was stimulated by the fundamental force of population growth, which changes the way of society to distribute production and wealth (Jones, 205, p. 345). Durkheim developed his evolutionary and organism doctrine. According to Barnes (1920, p. 240), for Durkheim, social evolution is characterized by a decrease in this repressive and mechanical type of social cohesion or solidarity and by a corresponding increase in the development of individual consciousness and record. That is, with a dense growth of population as the determinant puddle of raised intensive division of labor, individuals are more than interdependent on diverse contribution of others to perform a cooperatively function quite of the dominance of collective conscience (Sirianni, 1984). Brown (2008) points out that individualism becomes more important than the collective to maintain social solidarity and represents the characteristic of modern society.It is evidently Durkheim provide a sociological platform which benefits to interpret social process. However limitations could probably exist in his theories as well as methodology such as the cause of the division of labor and the version of its effects. Tarde (citied in Lukes, 1973, p. 304) suggests that Durkheims opinion on the division of labor only concern the social internal problem without international human relationship. Meanwhile, the division of labor could also result from variety of creation instead of population density. Moreover, Merton (1 994, p. 22) argues that in Durkheims presentation of social evolution, he diminished the effectiveness of civil law in primitive society and common interest in the modern society in order to give prominence to main power of cohesion collective consciousnesses and the division of labour, in mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity respectively. As a result, a precise relationship between solidarity and law may not be obtained. Finally, in the conclusion of his work, he personally regard the society as pathological due to the lack of social regulations that do no touch the level of the division of labor and excessive individualism during transition, it is likely to vigour the society into anomie as well as increase the felo-de-se rate (Mutchnick et al., 2009).In another significant book Suicide Durkheim explained a popular moral phenomenon in the 19th society. Suicide can be defined as every case of death which results directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act, ac complished by the victim himself which he knows must produce this result (Lukes, 1973, p. 202). Durkheim first considered felo-de-se is a private action but also as a matter of a social fact that exists external to each individual in the society. Thus, the statistics of self-annihilation could reflect diverse outside forces through which one could access to the origins of the weakness of the society as well as firmness of purpose to those problem. Then he theoretically categorizes different but general social causes of individual self-annihilation and draws its effect by deduction approach. There are four forms of self-destruction respect to two levels of imbalanced social forces consolidation and moral rule (Thompson, 1982). Firstly, it is regarded that egoistic suicide is the consequence of excessive individualism. In a deteriorated society, individual who integrate less with others and act on their own interest is likely to act egoistic suicide. By contrast, altruistic suici de is result from excessive conformity, Durkheim stats that suicide becomes ones obligation. It often happens in modern societies among civilised people who sacrifice themselves in order to save others such as military (Durkheim, 1979). The other two kinds of suicide are classified into the group of moral regulation. Durkheim again divided the situation that people tends to conduct unoriented suicide into four aspects of crisis decline in the capability of social organizations to revalue peoples lives rapid social transformation wealth no longer cheery people and unbalanced marriage. Finally, Durkheim view fatalistic as the product of severe but strong moral norm which often committed by slaves (Jones, 1986).It is suggested that if examine Durkheims work critically, one may noticed flaws in his notion of Suicide (Gane, 1988, p. 152). First, one may question whether such phenomenon causes by external force such as society but shared awareness from individuals. However, Durkheim d efends it by the term of conscience collective which is also a kind of a social fact and points out the strength of linking morality to discover social laws (Craib, 1997, p. 32). Secondly, Lukes (1973, p. 202-206) argues that his classification of suicide form has limited the causes and types. Moreover, Durkheim concerned the causes of suicide only with social facts and rejected the relationship between suicide and personality in terms of psychology, physic as well as alcoholism. Additionally, the surmount of suicide is more like to exist in disordered societies thus lead to an unbalanced research which prone to the theory of pathology. As a result, the contribution of suicide to sociology is actually restricted.However, Thompson (1982) states that regardless the shortages, Durkheim work of suicide is an infixed contribution because they effectively combine sociological theory with empiricism to explain social phenomenon. Durkheim suggests that the study of suicide could reveal th e connection between social members which closely go with the original subject of social bond in sociology. Moreover, by examining suicide could help one to discover the law of sociology and thus give a direction of the development of society (Lukes, 1973, p. 193). In the research, he related series of common characteristics of the society as social facts to suicide rate statistics and draw a general conclusion that particular social environment and current could lead to a growth of suicide rate. For example, wanting(p) economy growth and social mode changes generate a noteworthy suicide rate in the 19th century of European. Aimed at figure out this problem, Durkheim also proposed to strengthen the backbone of economy and support individuals with the sense of belong (Lukes, 1973, p. 220).In conclusion, this essay explored Durkheims main works in sociology. As one of the founder of professional sociology, Durkheim identified social facts thus built the mark as well as the skeleto n of sociology. Based on previous(prenominal) work, he formulates a systematic methodology to discover the social laws by observing and comparing the relationships between different variables. Durkheim further applied his methodology and theory into his work of The Division of Labor and Suicide. He discovered the procedure by which individuals socially integrate into society, and provide different types to explain the relationship between people and society. Although there are certain indistinct interpretation in terms of concepts and correlations, Durkheims work is considered to have significant to the scientific study of society.Word count 2105

The Structure Of The Travel And Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Structure Of The annoy a motion And arrestism effort interferenceism Essay choke and preventativeistry is one of the most vibrant and enceintest industries that hold up ample job opportunities for individuals with the appropriate skills, deduceing and attitude (Driver 2001). This pains has outright explicated into one of the worlds most material industries. This industriousness is one of the signifi ratt ontogeny spheres of the UK economy (Costa 1995, p. 12). It has developed speedily since the Second World War and at one time has change state one of the globes largest industries. UK buy the farm and journeyism sedulousness employs more than 2.1 billion race that evidence its importance for the country.The manufacture serves customers with an broad range of products, serve and facilities according to their specific needs. The diligence lock ups in a specific humour that is essential to catch forrader entering it (Knowles, Teixeira Egan 2003, p. 47). The painss signifi hatfulce can be understood with its efforts in footing of Visitbritain that is Britains issue hitchism agency, accountable for merchandising Britain overseas (Coulter 2003, p. 20). This agency names with thousands of UK and overseas organizations, to market Britain effectively to inspectors from altogether over world. It basic exclusively(a)y plant for promoting UK touristry industry.This module is designed in a way that get out assist in investigating the UK snuff it and touristry industry. It will enhance our knowledge towards the conk and touristry industry suppliers that include tour operators, get going actor, accommodation and please organization (Costa 1995, p. 12). end-to-end this industry analysis that will be taken here, it will baffle easy to recognize the structure of the trip out and tourism industry, acknowledge the important industry suppliers and the collapse enjoymentd by them to distri yete their products.Here, the d ivers(prenominal) components of the industry will be studied along with the discussion of their interrelation. As well, this study will in like manner assist in exploring distinguishable run low and tourism organisations of the industry from government and occult vault of heavens. The industry evaluation will similarly assist in learning about the latest industry developments and their postulate on present industry position. Industry investigation will be completed in two subprograms. In first part of the written report an room information section of website will be developed that will illustrate the structure of the travel and tourism industry.In the second part of the paper, a travel or tourism organization will be selected to guess its functioning. This in turn will be completed with the armed assistant of developing an illustrated case study for a forthcoming special give birth of on birth travel and tourism trade newspaper. This case study will befriend in ide ntifying the specific functions of selected travel or tourism organization. In this way, this ecumenical model will assist in identifying UK travel and tourism industry structure and functioning.The Structure of the trip up and touristry IndustryStructure of UK travel tourism industry can be understood effectively by understanding its antithetic aspects, components and functions. For understanding industry structure it is essential to evaluate its each and every aspect from suppliers to customers that can be done by assessing its antithetic aspects individually (Costa 1995, p. 13).Meaning of excursion and touristryFind a single definition of travel and tourism is not easy with which everyone agrees. Travel is movement of individuals from one place to an new(prenominal) with the helper of antithetic types of sustain whereas tourism embraces the all inclusive do work of people visiting versatile destinations for a upshot of reasons along with industry support (Moutinho 2 000). Although one occasion on which everyone agrees is that travel and tourism is a king-sized blood and the industry generates world-shaking profit. Travel and tourism is alike a constituent of unfilled as all of us go for passs or visits doneout our vacuous time (Thrift Walling 2000, p. 97).In accordance to the World touristry Organisation, tourism is the momentary, short-term movement of individuals to places outside and inside their domestic help locations, where they usually live and work (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). Tourism involves movement of individuals for all kinds of reasons and their activities without their visits. These definitions evidence that who is tourists citizenry who be far from their home or residence.People who argon on a temporary or short-term visit like vacations (Goodall 1997, p. 243).Individuals who atomic fall 18 allied with travel and tourism activities.Overnight or day visit in leisure time time.Trip related to headac he or visiting friends or relatives (Moutinho 2000).The main types of tourism in the UK industry atomic number 18 domestic tourism, incoming or inbound tourism or outbound tourism.Domestic Tourism It is when individuals take holidays, short breaks and day trips in their proclaim country. In the year 2000, overall 174.5 million trips were chance on by British people, at bottom the UK (Jessica 2003).Incoming/Inbound Tourism This type of tourism is related to international tourism when another(prenominal) country people atomic number 18 entering the UK. In 2000, overall 25.2 million overseas visitors came in UK with unalike intents (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.).Outbound Tourism Outbound tourism pertains to when individuals travel away from their home country to visit somewhat other international countries for holiday or traffic activities (Ward 2002, p. 41).The prominent industry suppliers are travel agents, tour operators and accommodation pull up stakesrs. every last(predicate) types of tourism are managed with the help of industrys suppliers and distributors (Moutinho 2000).Differences between the Three Economic SectorsThe UK travel and Tourism industry is categorize in common chord economic heavenssPublic SectorThis economic sector of the industry come throughs function for humans and it is collectively paid through government. For the effective operation of this sector, elected bodies like local council and Parliament are responsible. around of the public services provided are non-profit making (Jessica 2003). Services purported through this sector involves museums and art galleries, youth and community centres, leisure clubs, public halls, playing fields, ply services, information centres, libraries etc. Visit Britain, DCMS, FCO, Regional Development Agencies and English hereditary pattern are some of the examples of public sector tourism organizations (Rowe metalworker 2002). unavowed SectorThe private sector of tourism indu stry includes diverse mercenary operators managed by diametric individuals and companies. The literal aim of these individuals and companies is to generate profits by offering different travel and tourism services and products to customers (Moutinho 2000). The significant private sector activities in regard to travel and tourism are in the domains of retail sales, entertainment, catering and accommodation, travel services and tourism.In modern era, number of private travel and tourism organizations race in UK like Rank, Granada, Ladbrokes, doubting doubting Thomas score and virgin (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). These private sector organizations serve customers with facilities like travel agencies, theme parks, golf course, health and leisure clubs, restaurants and hotels (BDO Hospitality Consulting 1996, p. 8).Voluntary Sector organizations that belong to smart sector are directed and operated by volunteers. It includes non-profit making or charitable organizations such as travel or local sport clubs. These types of organizations provide some financial advantage to the industry in the form of rate and VAT recess and relief from income tax on investments (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.).some(a) of this sector organizations that file as charities are required to fulfil some specific conditions like they should operate with objectives like charity, non-profit making and advancement of education and sports. They need to operate with an objective to satisfy community in damage of benefits. In UK on that point are more than 200 national voluntary travel and tourism groups that embrace youth and community groups, touring groups, conservation groups, brotherly sports clubs, heritage groups etc.Travel and Tourism Chain of DistributionThe kitchen stove of dissemination is a technique of offering products to the end consumers. It is applicable in each industry and subsequent is its traditional formProducer producerWholesalerRetailerConsum erThe conventional Chain of DistributionUsually, a producer delivers its product or service to its consumer through wholesaler and retailer but it is not the case with travel and tourism industry (Moutinho 2000). In travel and tourism industry also a set up of distribution is followed that is as followsPrincipals i.e. hotels, flight path businesss and othertransport companiesTour OperatorsTravel AgenciesConsumersTravel and Tourism Traditional Chain of DistributionIn travel tourism industry, traditional train of distribution fit precisely into a break up, for instance travel agent who performs specific business role. Although the industry is untold more complex than this and in several instances the traditional chain (Rowe metalworker 2002) has been contracted as follows belief Internet Consumer linguistic rule Tour Operator Call centre ConsumerPrinciple Tour Operator Television ConsumerPrinciple Call centre ConsumerThese are some of the distribution channels use d by UK travel and tour companies. As well, companies also not strictly follow one line of business because they used to buy or merge with other kinds of businesses. Tour operators now have bought or created airlines, travel agencies and hotels (BDO Hospitality Consulting 1996, p. 8). This is done for attaining significant commercial growth and market position. This buying or merger process by UK travel and tourism companies is recognized as plumb and plane consolidation (Rowe smith 2002).The UK travel and tourism chain of distribution demonstrates that companies own the entire diverse component in the distribution chain and are able to manage the overall operation. This is done by UK travel and tourism organizations for attaining economies of scale and serving its customers with much more better footings (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.). The distinctive distribution chain of UK travel and tourism firms represents that littler operators serve with mellowed pressure and if they dont try to operate at large scale will be forced to leave the industry (Rowe Smith 2002).Vertical and horizontal IntegrationVertical IntegrationVertical desegregation takes place when two firms from different levels merge or are bought in the chain of distribution (Moutinho 2000). This may be a sustainward consolidation such as a tour operator purchases a hotel, or forward integration like a tour operator purchases a travel agency. One of the substantial examples of vertical integration in UK is of get-go option passs plc. It possesses several tour operating for example First Choice Holidays and Sovereign (Schmidt 2008).As well, it also has its own travel agencies chain in UK operated under the First Choice Travel Shops and First Choice Holiday Hypermarkets names. Additionally, it also has its own charter airline First Choice Airways (Rowe Smith 2002). This type of integration done by companies is known as vertical integration in which a go with possesses companies at different levels of distribution chain. The well known multiple agencies of UK are owned by a key tour operator. Going Places is a substantial element of the MyTravel pigeonholing and Thomson Travel Shops are possessed by Thomson (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.).Horizontal IntegrationWhen a society possesses or manages other business at the same level of distribution chain is known as swimming integration such as vexsch of a midget independent hotel by a major hotel group or takeover of a small travel agency by a big travel agency (Moutinho 2000). In UK recently a merger has taken place between Thomas Cook and MyTravel tour operators. In UK, horizontal integration is very common in the hotels sector and it is done with a motive of attaining economies of scale by assuring the functioning and merchandise of extensive number of individual hotels (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.).Most of the UK travel and tour companies are integrated vertically and horizontally and it is done to modulate their present and future market position (Rodgers 2001).Impact of Vertical and Horizontal Integration on Customer ChoiceVertical and Horizontal integration, importantly affects customer choice as with the customer become able in purchasing a whole box at reasonable toll in spite of purchasing different services at soaring price (Moutinho 2000). With vertical integration, it becomes easy for customer to make long-term traffic with a firm as it will offer all kinds of products and services to its customers out-of-pocket to its presence in different business in different level of distribution chain (Rodgers 2001). On the other hand, horizontal integration also strengthens ac phoner position and they serve their customers in a much more effective manner with concomitantal services at strong price encase (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.).In this way, it can be said that integration whether it is vertical or horizontal is practiced for customer as i t facilitates customers with more choices. With integration, industry players get more prevalent and become better able to offer its customers with more choice at moderate prices and packages (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.).Tour Operators and Travel AgentsA tour operator covers a holiday package that includesTravel mode (road, rail, air or sea)Accommodation facilities through hotels, self catering villas, guest houses etc.Travel agencies that provide transfer facilities to customers such as railcar hire and excursions (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.).The significant role of tour operators is to aggregate the diverse component that develop a holiday and put it for sale to consumers as packages. They are responsible for making contracts and associations with hotels, airline companies and transport companies to make an attractive package (Moutinho 2000). In UK, there are nigh(a) 600 tour operators in which most of them are small companies that specialize in specific de stinations or type of services. all(prenominal) tour operators of UK can be gradationified into following four categoriesMass-market operators These tour operators sell holidays in high volume and it includes some of the well-known key players of industry like Thomson (TUI), MyTravel, Thomas Cook and First Choice Holidays (Middleton Lickorish 2007).Specialist operators These operators are not as well-known as mass-market operators. In UK, there are number of medical specializer tour operators that provide customers with holidays and short breaks to Rome, Amazon adventure tours, Italy etc. These types of operators are becoming more popular repayable to its offering of individuals type of experience. well-known(a) specialist UK tour operator is Super-break (Investigating Travel and Tourism, n.d.)Domestic Operators These operators design holiday packages for the home market. The well-known domestic operators are coach operators like WA Shearings and topic Holidays. Both of thes e offer valuable products to older age groups (The Travel and Tourism Industry n.d.).Incoming tour Operators These tour operators provide holidays and travel products for abroad visitors to Britain. Some operate from international locations where customers are and some operate from UK (Middleton Lickorish 2007). Some of the well known incoming tour operators are Gullivers Sports Travel, Pathfinders and Evan Evans Tours. each of these offer all inclusive package tours of the UK that are sold through international travel agents.Travel AgentsTravel agents offer outgoing, incoming and domestic tourists with extensive leisure and business travel products and services (Middleton Lickorish 2007). In UK there are around 7000 travel agencies that are members of the Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA). In UK, there are different types of travel agencies that include multiple, independent, maniple, e-agent and holiday hypermarkets. Travel agents work as a link among customers and to ur operators and other principles like airlines and hotels (Investigating Travel and Tourism, n.d.)Before purchasing a holiday package visitors go to travel agents for suggestions, bookings and better services. Travel agents are responsible for ensuring that they are serving a customer with right and appropriate holiday or travel service. They also offer customers with coach, flight, rail or ferry bookings, specialist services and independent travel arrangements.Scheduled and Chartered Air guideScheduled Air Transport refers to the services that operate with a print timetable, on specified routes and with government licence. These services does not get unnatural by the number of passengers and due to this, it is generally used by business travellers as they are also ready to pay premium price for their comfort and convenience (Middleton Lickorish 2007). In UK, budget, low-cost or no frills airlines, provide scheduled services on various domestic and global routes at low prices.O ne of the significant advantages of this transport is this that it is regular and provides scheduled flights to customers. It offers customers with position in different crystalizees according to their suitability (Rowe Smith 2002). In addition to these advantages, one of the substantial disadvantage of schedules air transport is this that it does not offer flexibility to visitors as it operates in scheduled manner and is not change with any factor.Chartered air transport refers to the services that are associated to the package holiday industry, in which tour operators make a contract with an airline for a distinctive route for a period. Some major UK tour operators possess their own airlines and due to this the sales of charter flights is declining (Investigating Travel and Tourism, n.d.). major(ip) charter air transport services of UK are Monarch, Thomas Cook and MyTravel (Rowe Smith 2002).Charter air transport provides its customers with an advantage in terms of flights on reasonable price for specific purposes. These are provided by tour operators that assist customers in developing long-term relations. In addition to these advantages it also has a disadvantage that it does not serves its customers with flexibility as blocks of seats or whole flight is booked.Relationship and Links between Travel and Tourism OrganizationsIn UK, close all travel and tourism organisations work with link-up or associations in some or other way. In present almost all people travel for some purposes that may be adventure, business own(prenominal) or holiday that is managed by tourism business of the country. Travel is done through different transportation facilities and it requires accommodations facilities that are provided by tourism organizations (Middleton Lickorish 2007). There is a relationship between travel and tourism and due to this all tourism organizations offers different facilities for travellers.Both of these types of organizations work together due to t he similarity of their fields and business operations. The relationship between travel and tourism organizations can also be understood with the help of recent developments that pertains to step-up in individuals travelling with diverse reasons.Nowadays customers prefer to buy a wholesome holiday package that serves them with all travel and tourism facilities (Rowe Smith 2002). Due to changes in customers preferences and demands, links between travel and tourism organizations has strengthened.All these aspects of UK travel and tourism industry demonstrates its structure and pattern of operations. If a participation wants to operate successfully in UK travel and tourism industry it has to go through all the above discussed aspects and patterns. UK travel and tourism industry chain of distribution is different from traditional distribution chain that is essential to understand for attaining assured business success.Functioning of a Travel and Tourism OrganizationSubsequent to the d iscussion of UK travel and tourism industry structure, it becomes evident that there is a substantial relationship between countrys travel and tourism organizations and its distribution chain different from other industries. The pattern of business in UK travel and tourism industry is different from other countrys industry and it is essential to be understood for entering it successfully (Pender Sharpley 2005).The industry structure provides information of all essential components of the industry but for understanding it in more dot here, an individual organization will be evaluated that is Virgin Atlantic. It is a British airline company (Waugh 2000). The company functioning will be understand be developing a case study so it can enhance readers understanding.Virgin Atlantic Case StudyVirgin Atlantic Airways Limited is also known as Virgin Atlantic. It is a British airline and functions between the United Kingdom and North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, an d Australia. This UK airline is a well-known scheduled airline. The company operates with a CAA Type A Operating Licence to take passengers, cargo, and mail on plane with adjudicate 20 seats (Dickinson 2009).The company was founded in 1982 and in present it has become Britains second largest carrier that serves worlds 30 major cities, as well as New York, Washington D.C., Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Sydney, Miami, Dubai, Los Angeles, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, and Tokyo from its bases that are at Londons Heathrow and Gatwick Airports.The company has enjoyed significant popularity and recognition all around the world due to its business operations. The Virgin airline has initiated number of aims that had built new service banals that other industry players also followed (Rowe Smith 2002). In spite of its substantial growth its service still remains customer driven with a prominence on value for money, excellence, fun and improvement.The company functioning can be understood eff ectively with the help of subsequent aspects of its functioningOwnershipThe company is a British airline specifically situated in London. It is owned by Sir Richard Bransons Virgin assembly and Singapore Airlines. Both the company holds 51% and 49% shares respectively. It was established in the year 1982 by Randolph Fields who was from America and was a lawyer, and Alan Hellary, who was a former chief pilot for Laker Airways (Dickinson 2009).In 1982, it was established as British Atlantic Airways and since 1984, it has been operating as Virgin Atlantic. The airline offers its customers with three class system that are Economy, Premium Economy and swiftness class (Rowe Smith 2002).Aims and ObjectivesThe company operates with subsequent aims and objectivesOperate with the basic foundations that are safety, protective covering and consistent delivery.Serve customers with quality service and value for money.Concentrate on the business and leisure markets and drive competence and eff ectualness.Operate with simplicity and in a way that love to fly.Become a growing and economic organization (Dickinson 2009).Always challenge the ordinary and push airline innovation to serve passengers with something special and different.The company works in a direction to attain continuous specialization in range of innovations.The company works for creating a virtual contact centre network for serving customers all around the world with consistent, well-organized, effective and transparent services (Pender Sharpley 2005).Establish a global view of business for developing an ability to control al business operations.Create a flexible workforce and schedule people around skills and altering work demands (Dickinson 2009).Develop a business process that assist in managing all up and down business situations. increase RangeFrom the time of its initiation, the company is operating with diversification strategy. In present, the company operates long haul services and it provides cust omers with aircrafts, clubs and several other products. It offers flights between different cities of the world for assisting customers in their travelling (Dickinson 2009). The company has also brought in a strand of firsts admitting individual seat-back televisions for all economy passengers. As well, it also serves customers with automatic defibrillators. It also serves its upper class customers with limousine pick-up and Drive-Thru check-in (Bamber, Gittell Kochan 2009).Virgin Atlantic also operates with Clubhouses and Virgin lounges at its several destinations. The Virgin Clubhouses are deliberately planned to challenge the traditional airline industry patterns and for creating a different and unique travelling purlieu (Singh 2008). In the year 2003, the company launched its Upper Class Suite product that involved a falling back leather seat for takeoff, a well-designed sitting and eating place, fully planar bed and proper mattress for sleeping.As well, it also includes a p rivate on-board amount at where customers can drink with their friends and a personal massage room. All these products are offered at reasonable price that others airline companies offer unless to their first class customers.ServicesAll aircrafts of Virgin Atlantic aircraft operate with three-class configuration that is Economy, Premium Economy, and Upper Class cabins. Economy class is the standard coach class and serves customers with basic amenities (Dickinson 2009). Premium Economy class has its own different check-in area, a much more comfy seat and legroom with much more amenities. This class passenger is also provided with laptop computer magnate supplies. The upper class is for business class and has all facilities. This class seat is fully flat bed and it also serves customers with seat power leads.In addition to this service, all Virgin Atlantic aircraft provide customers with personal seat-back televisions that furnish then with lots of entertainment channels. Most of company aircrafts also have an Audio/Video on Demand (AVOD) system. The company also have service of Frequent Flyer Programme, which benefit customers according to their use of Virgin aircraft for travelling again and again. Virgin Atlantic also provide some other additional services like the Freedom meal service, in-flight beauty therapy service, arrival lounges, flying clubs etc.Distribution MethodThe company is established by making use of its own course within a model coherent with asserting the corporations image of customer friendliness, middling dealing and relative ease (Robinson 2009). The company remains concentrated on the UK markets and its business has explicated with the help of additional product and services (Dickinson 2009).The company make use of above distribution methods that precisely with airline products and services that are offered through tour operators and travel agents. From its initiation, its distribution methods had altered number of quantify and i t is getting contracted day by day. Virgin Atlantic, serve its customers in a more and unique way.Pricing PolicyPrice is a key element of airline strategy and it need to be agree by targeted customers. It should be in a way that reflects companys other marketing mix elements also (Pender Sharpley 2005). Virgin Atlantic serves its customers with number of products at different price levels and with different set strategies. Its business segment is served with higher price whereas its economic class is served with low price (Singh 2008).For its different customers, the company make use of different pricing strategies like price skimming, penetration pricing, borderline pricing and promotional pricing. All these pricing strategies are used by customers for serving different types of customers and their different needs (Eccles Costa 1996, p. 49). The company pricing strategy is designed in a way that tries to offer brag service by undercutting competitors prices (Driver 1999, P. 13 6).Marketing Activities (Promotional Activities)The company make use of different marketing activities for promoting its products and services in the UK travel and tourism industry. The company had made use of different marketing mix elements that are also sheer in its vision and mission strategy. In addition to this, for promoting its products and services, the company make use of different publicize strategies and channels of media (Eccles Costa 1996, p. 47).The company had launched different services that all are promoted in different ways and through print and television. In addition to this, it also makes use of different advertising campaigns and promotional offers for its customers so that they can be driven towards Virgin Atlantic craft services (Robinson 2009).Regulatory and Licensing RequirementsThe company is an airline company and before initiating any of its operations it has to attain support and approval from several national regulatory bodies or firms. The first r egulatory body is the Civil airmanship Authority (CAA) that governs the UK aviation sector. All airline companies services are adjust by CAA so that a diverse and warlike industry environment can be encouraged in the country (Driver 2001).Other substantial regulatory bodies from which approval is essential are the Air Transport Users Council and National Air Traffic Services. These authorities have altered traditional aviation laws and it had assisted companies in their old licensing laws (Pender Sharpley 2005).Membership of Associations with BenefitsVirgin Atlantic operates by associating with different associations as it provides the company with several benefits like market dominance, competitive advantage, environment-friendly image etc (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler 2005). The company has an association with the Tourism Review and Implementation Group that was developed in 2004. This association has members from different fields like tourism, public sector and education. In add ition to this, the company also operate with number of other associations that strengthen companys image in the mind of its domestic as well as international customers.Relationship with other Travel and Tourism OrganizationsFrom its initiation, Virgin Atlantic has developed strong relationships with other travel and tourism organizations as it has tie ups with number of hotels, tour operators and travel agents that promotes both the companies. The company long-established success is the result of its effective relationships with other travel and tourism companies (Balmforth 2009). The company promotes its products and service by making contracts with tour operators that provide all-inclusive holiday packages to their customers. As well it also operates by associating

What Is A Learning Journal Psychology Essay

What Is A Learning Journal Psychology EssayA breeding ledger is a way of capturing and recording your thoughts, impressions, concerns, questions and deviseions. This provides an informal yet concentrate place to express whatever comes to mind. Its purpose is to grow further insights on how you learn buzz offs through the process of writing and mobiliseing ab come in how you learn. Your encyclopaedism ledger is personal and bequeath reflect your experiences, preferences and personality.Why am I completing a learning journal as interpreter of my dissect of friendly psychology?The learning journal will servicing enhance further understanding about kindly psychology and how we earth-closet conform these personal experiences case-by-casely, as social psychology primary(prenominal)ly focuses on dealing with social interactions this deal help us understand how we house socially connect with ourselves and an opposite(prenominal)(a)s through interacting insights and experiences that be reflected in our learning journals. This force out puzzle out our perceptions and interpretations of how each of us understands social psychology and how we rouse observe it which excessively indicates implications it may have had on your level of understanding and to help some(prenominal)ize your strengths, weaknesses and preferred preference of the unit.What do I hope to learn from this assigning?From this date i hope to learn skills and abilities that will give me a thorough and deeper recogniseledge as to how i croup express and reflect on my own ideas and to help me understand how they work on what i already know using it in my own independent research. done the education of this learning journal I in standardised manner hope that this will not precisely broaden and reflect my personal views and ideas of the content provided to further extend my knowledge of the assignment. This will enable me to gain experience and to help me understand a nd accomplish intellectual processes, goals and tasks that ar required in site to reflect upon.Self and IdentityWhich nerve of the topic has raise me most? Why?The grimace of this topic that caught my interest would be development of the social egotismI have found this topic side very kindle as it condones and reflects on how flock see and delineate ones social self-importance. To me this broadens my insights as to how and why each single(a) is looked upon socially because of their self fancy, self esteem, self knowledge and social self. This also demonstrates how each individual is looked upon and how their roles can vary from others which help show the social spherely concern that surrounds us and how each one of us can develop and become part of the social world. This not only relates to me nevertheless to any individual accord to the development of the social self.What be the main ideas, concepts and show up related to this boldness?The main ideas that cover multiple concepts on how the social world is growing includes the roles we play, the social identities we form, the comparisons we make with each other, our successes and failures, how other lot judge us and the surrounding culture. In relation to the development of the social self a concept that related towards this flavor include the looking glass self which is a social psychological concept which was created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902. This concept states that a person self grows out of nines interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. This mainly refers to people shaping their self-concepts ground on their understanding of how others perceive them. One significant way this can be perceived is through social comparisons (Festinger, 1954) which help us evaluate ourselves compared to others.What short advert from the textual matter or study illustrates an alpha point related to this sight?An important point that signifies this persuasion is found i n the text book states that The self- concept has become a major social-psychological focus because it helps organize our thinking and guide our social behaviour. (PP.68) In stating this tells us that according to our self theatrical role we can base this on the way we live in a social world which can have an influence on the way we think and how we portray ourselves and other individuals we can also say that social experiences also play a part in developing ones social self.How is the opinion relevant to my social world?This aspect is relevant to my social world because it demonstrates how our social image and social perceptions can invent who we are and how we are viewed upon.The self can be analysed through multiple stages for the development of the social self, the social self concept Who am I? comes from ones self, social knowledge can apologize how an individual predicts themselves. Self esteem self sense of how much their worth and social self which shows how roles as a student, family member and friend which can be used for a group identity.Prejudice and discriminationWhich aspect of the topic has interested me the most? Why?An aspect of the topic racial Prejudice has interested me the most because it shows how people can have a negative evaluation towards authorized individuals or groups ground on attitudes with sealed biological characteristics. I find this of great awareness because racial damage affects people and populations all over the world and is linked with discrimination which also exists in today.What are the main ideas, concepts and evidence related to this aspect?The main ideas that come with racial hurt can somewhat come out of ignorance for disliking others. As racial prejudice has common similarities with stereotyping, discrimination and hatred we know that prejudice is an attitude which is a distinct combination of feelings, inclinations to act, and beliefs. Further Concepts and evidence relating to this aspect include racia l prejudice has been found between several self-report measures of religiousness and racial prejudice however, no experiment has examined the direct government issue of religion on racial attitudes. An experiment that was conducted by Jane Elliott (Born 1933) who was an anti-racism activist illustrated how biological characteristics through the experiment Blue eyes, brown eyes which was conducted to identify how biological features play a role in racial prejudice.What short quote from the text or reading illustrates an important point related to this aspect?Racial prejudice illustrates important points that relate towards the topic In the place setting of the world, every race is a minority. The individual in society (PP.182). This is an important point which clarifies how each individual is categorised in certain groups establish on their biological characteristics and how they are viewed based on that fact which connects with racial prejudice and how individuals shape our unders tanding of racial prejudice to not only use certain attitudes towards biological differences but to categorise and judge that is based on the racial prejudice perspectives of the world. Multiple statements can help shape up how racial prejudice is present Im a Cablinasian. Tiger Woods, (1997) describing his caucasion, black, Indian and asain ancestry is a good example.How is the aspect relevant to my social world?As social reality is distinct from biological realities racial prejudice is relevant to my social world because it exists in spite of appearance todays society and is put into diametric groups within the sociological world. This is relevant in terms of judging and classifying based on race and, or gender which complies with racism and discrimination that also take place within the social world we live in today because of this racial justice is a problem and puts negative insights on minority groups based on biological characteristics.Due to this aspect enough relevant to the social world racial prejudice affects many people in the social world based on each individuals attitudes towards certain individuals that shape the social world we live in today.Conformity and deferenceWhich aspect of the topic has interested me most? Why?One of the interesting aspects i have found in this topic is Milgrams obedience experiment. By Stanley Milgram (1963). I find this aspect of the topic interesting because his experiment demonstrates configuration and obedience to determine how far people were willing to go in order to obey the commands of an authority figure and how this experiment illustrated social influence.What are the main ideas, concepts and evidence related to this aspect?Main ideas that relate to this are evidently contrary to Milgrams conclusion that people wilely obey political science to the point of committing evil deeds because we are so susceptible to environmental conditions. Because of this social psychology has become one of the most famou s and polemical experiments. There are concepts behind conforming as it can be defined as adjusting ones behaviour and or thinking to match those of other people or group standard, the base line as to why people confirm is because it is suggested that everyone does it.It is evident to say that when the first subject of the Milgram experiment, Emily, interject the moment she was told the protocol. This isnt really my thing, she said with a nervous laugh when our southward subject, Julie, got to 75 volts and heard Tyler groan, she protested I dont think I want to confine doing this. Jeremy insisted You really have no other choice. I need you to hatch until the end of the test. In saying so this demonstrates how social influence can affect individuals thoughts, perceptions and behaviors in order to confine with obedience.What short quote from the text or reading illustrates an important point related to this aspect?Milgrams (1965, 1974) experiments tested what happens when the dem ands of authority clash with the demands of conscience. This illustrates an important point in relation to this aspect because according to Milgram human moral nature includes a tendency to be empathetic, kind and good according to our relationships and group members, this also shows inclination towards cosmos chauvinistic, cruel and evil to others. According to the shock experiments reveal not blind obedience but conflicting moral tendencies that lie deep within based on this social influence plays a role in Milgrams experiment in order for people to show signs of obedience and conformity.How is this aspect relevant to my social world?This aspect is relevant to my social world because in society today we are conforming and being gentle under certain instances for example schools require conformity such as wearing school uniform is an example of compliance conformity which is like norms that we must order and obey. An example of being obedient in todays society would be joining th e army you must follow and obey operating instructions in order to qualify the required norms they have set for you. These are all things that happen in the social world we live in because of this the social world and the larger world we are part of is when an individual fully understands the events that are happening around them. This involves the part of life that affects them and their milieu and in this case conformity and obedience are clearly appreciate in todays social world this is the result of social influence.ConclusionsWhat value has this journal been for my learning of social psychology?This journal has valued in breeding me about social psychology and how it deals with social interactions. This has also helped me understand and explain how the thought, feeling and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other people because of this i now have a higher level of knowledge about social psychology. The journal has also obser ved social psychology as to how it looks at ranges of social topics that have been explained and how people can interact and understand how social psychology is being used.What are the strengths and weaknesses of my journal?For me counting out my weaknesses is just as importantas figuring out my strengths because I believe that our strengths come from our weaknesses and our weaknesses come from our strengths. I think that a strength that is present in my journal is that it is structured soon yet descriptive at the same time which makes it reflect upon my understanding of tasks and at the same time has the required information in order to properly state and explain my information. My learning journal is slightly concentrate more than on the topic and should evaluate my points into further detail but aside from that I believe my journal has a good and draft layout in order for anyone to reflect upon.Did I get out of this assignment what I hoped for?Yes i believe that i have acqui red some more knowledge towards the desired skills and abilities that I hoped for when writing my journal. This has given me deeper insights to each aspect of the topics. I have expressed and reflected my own personal ideas, this has also helped me build up on what was required for the completion of this learning journal. As I mentioned earlier in my introduction the learning journal has helped enhance my understanding about social psychology and has demonstrated how social psychology can be adapted in the society we live in and how it whole shebang around us.

Greek History Essay -- Greece Historic Historical Essays

classical HistoryWorks Cited Missing Relatively critical is known intimately the nature of life in Greece during the Neolithic and primal Helladic dots. Since there are no written records from these periods in Greek history, it is plainly possible to learn about the assimilations that existed during this time by studying the ashes of their settlements. The sites of Sesklo, Dimini, and Lerna are all good examples of the types of settlements that existed on mainland Greece from the Middle Neolithic period to the Early Helladic. Although they dont give us a issue pic, these sites help us understand what life was like on the Greek mainland before the arrival of the people that are known today as the Greeks. During the Neolithic period the most advanced commonwealth of Greece was Thessaly. This area in northern Greece was the place where both Sesklo and Dimini were established. During the Helladic period the area of greatest progress shifted to the south. This period is best represented by Lerna. Sesklo was first occupied in the Early Neolithic period but didnt reach its hot flash until the Middle Neolithic. It was built on a low mound that had an area of about 100m by 45m. A large, two-way megaron which opened on to a paved courtyard was built at the center of the mound (www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/siteindex?entry=sesklo). tight fitting the megaron were various other smaller mental synthesiss packed closely together. One building stands out from the others, because it appears to render served a special purpose. That building is the two room building now identified as a potters workshop. The inhabitants of Sesklo surrounded the whole area on top of the mound with what appears to have been a single one meter thick wall. Its timid whether thi... ...peaks in the development of the Greek mainland from the Neolithic to Helladic period. Each settlement represents a fairly significant advancement over its predecessor and shows how Greek settlemen ts progressed over the years. These settlements also provide many clues about the nature of mainland Greek culture during this period of time. Even though we have no written records, by examining the architecture and artifacts of these cultures we are sufficient to determine how their communities were organized. We are also able to determine the nature of their relationships with other settlements by examining their fortification systems. Although many things about early civilizations in Greece remain a mystery, we have learned often from these sites and continue to study them in hopes of gaining a more complete picture of what life was like for the early inhabitants of Greece.