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Friday, May 31, 2019

Death in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay -- William Shakespeare Ham

So shall you hear of carnal, bloody, and unnatural acts, of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause, (Hamlet, affect V, Scene 2, Lines 381-384). So says Horatio, best friend of Prince Hamlet in the final few lines of the play. He speaks these words after the deaths of Hamlet, Claudius, fagot of Denmark, Gertrude, Queen of Denmark, and Laertes, son of Polonius. similarly dead are Hamlet, King of Denmark, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, former friends of Hamlet, Polonius, councilor to the King, and Ophelia, daughter of Polonius. Death is an extremely prevalent theme in William Shakespeares Hamlet. However, each death is unique in circumstances, causes, and effects. Three important deaths in Hamlet were the deaths of King Hamlet, Ophelia, and Prince Hamlet.The first, and probably most important death in Hamlet, is the death of Prince Hamlets father, Hamlet, King of Denmark. thus far though this death is not portrayed in the play, it sets off a chain of events that comprise the plot of Hamlet. Hamlet, King of Denmark died recently before the play begins. Claudius, King Hamlets brother, succeeded him. This upset Prince Hamlet, who thought he should be the successor. Then, in the very first scene of the play, King Hamlets ghost appears to nearly soldiers and Hamlets friend Horatio. The ghost does not speak to them. Horatio tells Hamlet about the ghost, and eventually the ghost appears to Hamlet and speaks with him. The ghost surprises Hamlet...

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Plate Tectonics Essays -- Geophysics, Pangaea

Plate TectonicsEver since the beginning on time, Humans believed the ground is solid and immobile. But this is not true whatsoever. The Earth is every-changing and continually in motion. The stability of the Earth is not at all what we think it is. Thinking about the rotational axis of the Earth, and by chance of what the Earth may become at a certain point in time, has a great influence on understanding all aspects of nutrition things, either in the past, present, or future. The Theory of Plate tectonics is accredited to most of the creations of Mountain Ranges, the Centennial drifting Theory, for earthquakes, and volcanic activity. Plate tectonics and mountains overly play a big part in the Earth and its geological features. Geophysics, which studies the physics of the Earth, has led to many important findings about the Earth and how it is made. Seismologic studies of major planet Earth scram revealed new information about the inside of the Earth that has helped to give new ope nings to plate tectonic theory. Due to geophysical studies, we now cheat that the Earth is made of several significant layers. Each one of these layers has its own properties. The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. The crust is made up of the oceans and continents. The crust has a fluctuating thickness, being thirty to seventy-five kilometers thick in the continents and ten to fifteen kilometers thick in the ocean basins. The crust is made up principally of alumino-silicates (Fowler p472).The layer underneath the crust is the mantle, which is made up mainly of ferro-magnesium silicates. The mantle is approximately two thousand, nine hundred kilometers thick, and is separated in to the upper and lower berth mantle. It is in the mantle where most of the centralized... ...sts believe that the North and South American plates are moving westward at approximately two to three centimeters per year. establish on the recordings of the earthquake, the Haitian quake seems to have o ccurred close to the Enriquillo Fault. The Enriquillo Fault is a big strike slip fault that runs across the southern border of Haiti. Scientists adopt this is the fault that most likely ruptured because it is closest to the epicenter of the rupture. Although this was a big catastrophe for human life on the island of Haiti, it was not really unusual accustomed the plate tectonic activity in that area. Unfortunately for Haiti, it is one of the most poorest and underdeveloped countries in the world. Its government was not really in the position to have any preparations in line for such a huge earthquake, and this caused thousands of people lost their lives (Kearey 2009).

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

tellectual Life of the Painters of the Early Renaissance :: History

Intellectual Life of the Painters of the Early RenaissanceBefore attempting to conclude the question it is important to consider what we mean by early Italian Renaissance. Unlike many periods in history the Renaissance has no obvious part and end dates, for the purposes of this assignment I will define the approximate period within which to look as about 1390 to about 1520. 1390 represents the time when the Carrara court in Padua was gaining an intellectual reputation of excellence, as well as this being about the time that two Roman coin like medals were cast of Francesco II and his father. This represents a typically renaissance trait of looking to antiquities for inspiration, as will be discussed later. The time around 1520 represents when Raphael died this was followed closely by the death of Pope Leo X, the abet High Renaissance pope. It is after their deaths that the creative and optimistic mood in Italy began to fade. The decade ending 1520 saw Leonardo da Vinci leaving for France and then dieing there in 1519. There are many other examples that could confirm these dates as significant, and also many more that would dispute them, but for the purposes of simplicity we will pursue these as a guide. In the beginnings of the Renaissance painting was giben very much as a craft performed by members of the artisan class and non a liberal art. In event the term artist was not used, as it is today, as a general term meaning painter and sculptor. Artista was a term already in use by Dante, but it was used in reference to a University level graduate of the liberal arts, it is not until the beginning of the sixteenth century that it is used in a context resembling todays usage. The lower status of painting at the beginning of the Renaissance is reflected in the fact that members of the aristocracy or learned class did not generally practice it. A member of the Milanese aristocracy, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffios epitaph stressed that although he was a painter, he was an amateur, because if it were thought that he made his living from painting it would significantly lower his social status. It is for this reason that few people in the early Renaissance would see painting as a method of social advancement or to demonstrate intellectual ability. This did not however stop many

Pumping Iron: Women and Sports :: Movies Television Film Females Essays

Pumping Iron Women and SportsEver since sports has been introduced into our society it has always been gender specific. Today, sports are still gender specific precisely non as much as before due to the change in social averages. Many flock enjoy playing sports. For some it may be the competition, for others it may be for the love of the game. It has been difficult for individuals who enter non-traditional sports for their gender. Women have especially struggled with this matter until the Title 9 was issued. Before Title 9, many women were not allowed to move into in track and other sports that were not considered feminine. During the Victorian Times, women were only allowed to play sports that didnt make them look sweaty, tired or just messy. They had to stick to the norm of existence conservative and looking proper. Can you imagine, they had to even wear skirts for baseball and other sports? How can you be comfortable and play well in that patient of of an outfit? When it ca me to tennis, they had to look graceful like a ballerina. The main concern in playing a sport is enjoying it and playing it well. It never had to do anything with being part of a beauty contest. Women were given limitations into what sports they could participate in. However, realistically women were just as true(p) as their counterpart when it came to playing sports in which they were not allowed to play. beingness a female and seriously competing in a non-traditional sport is an arduous task. Many individuals question your sexuality, race and class just because you have decided to participate in a non-traditional sport. However, the main fact that is being disregarded here is that everyone has the capability of playing any sport that they want to play. There should not be any boundaries to anything because of gender. It is unfair because there are certain things that are acceptable and unacceptable in society which puts a lot of pressure on people that are into non-traditional sp orts. The question is, why does being certain matter so much in society? Why is it so hard to be accepted for something that you want to do? I mean you are not hurting anybody yet you are made to feel guilty for trying to be good in a non-traditional sport. For this essay, I would like to use the movie Pumping

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the author, James Thurber, contrasts E

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the author, James Thurber, contrasts that sure life of the character, Walter Mitty, to the fantasy world he has created.Mr. Dykes=========In the story, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the author, JamesThurber, contrasts that real life of the character, Walter Mitty, tothe fantasy world he has created. Walter Mitty, unhappy with hiseveryday life and his nit-picking wife, fades in and out of reality.To escape reality, he envisions himself as a brave, strong torpedo who isadmired by others. His fantasies allow him to escape the boring lifehe lives. Sparked by events in his real life, his fantasies take himto World War II as a pilot who saves his crew from a severe storm tobeing a world famous surgeon. The more his wife nags, the more hebecomes a victim in his fantasies. He even dreams of being on trialfor murder and standing in front of a firing squad, and Walter stillstands high and proud (Thurber).I identify with the character of Walter Mitty very much. I find myselfdaydreaming all the time. Mitty feels like he...

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the author, James Thurber, contrasts E

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the author, James Thurber, contrasts that real life of the character, Walter Mitty, to the fantasy world he has created.Mr. Dykes=========In the story, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, the author, JamesThurber, contrasts that real life of the character, Walter Mitty, tothe fantasy world he has created. Walter Mitty, unhappy with hiseveryday life and his nit-picking wife, fades in and out of reality.To escape reality, he envisions himself as a brave, strong hero who isadmired by others. His fantasies allow him to escape the boring lifehe lives. Sparked by events in his real life, his fantasies regard himto World War II as a pilot who saves his crew from a severe storm tobeing a world famous surgeon. The more(prenominal) his wife nags, the more hebecomes a victim in his fantasies. He even dreams of being on trialfor murder and standing in mien of a firing squad, and Walter stillstands tall and proud (Thurber).I identify with the character of Walter M itty very much. I find myselfdaydreaming all the time. Mitty feels like he...

Monday, May 27, 2019

Seasonal Variation in the Western Himalayan Basin

2.1 THE take apart AREABeas RiverIn this survey, Beas Basin located in western Himalaya has been selected. Two sites viz. Manali and Bhunter were being selected for judgment of the part of different constituent i.e. snow/ice melt eachplaceflow, rain downf solely overflow and land body of water overflow to Beas River. Study was besides conducted for the Parvati River at Bhunter site. Beas River pop out from the east inclines of Rohtang base on balls of Himalayas at an lift of 3900 m and flows in well-nigh north-south way up to Larji, where it takes a about right angle twisting and flows towards west up to the Bhunter. The length of the river up to the Bhunter is 80 kilometer. The catchment of the Beas washstand up to Bhunter is 3384 kilometer2out of which merely 780 kilometers2is low lasting snow. Largely the catchment country comprises of hasty inclines and the stones be in the main au naturel. The basin big top varies from 1600 m near Bhunter to more than 6000 m near Be o-Toibba.Parvati is one of the major feeder which join the Beas River at Bhunter. It rises from Mantalai glacier at an height of about 5200 m ASL. Mantalai glacier is located on the western incline of the great Himalayan ranges. The basin lies between 31050 to N and 7705 to E. It drains an country of aboutKm2. The Parvati River basin is a hilly and cragged piece of land with altitude runing from 1096 to 6250 metres ( Figure ) . The basin presents an interact mosaic of mountain scopes, hills and valleys. The mountain inclines in the basin are cover with woods and hayfields. The vales are interspersed with legion watercourses like Malana nal, Tos Nal, Kasol Nal etc. fall in the Parvati River from left and right Bankss. Some of the of import scopes of the basin are Chandrakhari Dhar, Sharkandi Dhar, Rorung Dhar, Phagachi Dhar, Rajthathi Dhar, and Ori Dhar.western sandwich HimalayaWestern Himalaya stretches for approximately between in the Eand in the West embracing an country of abo ut sq kilometer. The mean height ranges between 600 to 6900 metre above amount sea degree ( Fig ) . The outstanding characteristics include the snow clothed extremums, U shaped vale, truncated goads with snow-off facies, aretes, horn, pyra middleal and conelike extremums, serrated cresta of ridges, corries, glacial troughs some(prenominal) ancestor and consequent, knife-edged precipice, smooth stone and steep head-walls. Dhauladhar, Pir-Panjal, Great Himalaya and Zanskar are the chief mountain scopes of the country ( Fig. ) . The Dhauladhar scope bases in all put upliness over the Kangra vale while the Pir-Panjal, Great Himalaya and Zanskar ranges bases land over Chamba, Lahul and Spiti and Kinnaur. The low scopes of Siwalik autumn in the south-western portion.From south to north four good defined tectonic-cum-physiographic belts with distinguishable geological formations lease been recognized in the Himachal Himalaya as the outer or bomber Himalaya, littleer Himalaya, Great Himalaya and Tibetan or Tethys Himalaya.Outer Himalaya is situated in the Confederate most portion and it has an mean tallness of 600 m the average sea degree. This late Tertiary sedimentary belt fundamentally forms series of drops with steep inclines on the southerly side.Lesser Himalaya, caught between the outer Himalaya in the South and Greater Himalaya in the North has an mean lift of 4000 m to 5000 m above average sea degree. The two major scopes viz. Dhauladhar and Pir-Panjal, tendency in NW-SE waies, ( about parallel to the regional tendency of the stone formation ) constitute the chief H2O divide of the part ( Figure- western Himalaya ) .The northern belt of the Great Himalaya, with its extremums surging highs of 5000 m to 6000 m ( amsl ) , is characterized by hasty scarps and perpendicular walled gorgeous vales with toppling and frothing rivers. The eastern extension of the Great Himalaya commences from Nanga Parbat in the West. The Pir-Panjal articulations this scope ( G reat Himalaya ) near Deo-Tibba ( 5540 m ) . Chandra-Bhaga ( Lahaul and Spiti ) vale, with heavy snow bound countries, lies between these two scopes. The upset topography of the country indeed houses maximal glaciers, which range in length from 3 to 35 kilometer. The Satluj river forms a narrow and deep gorge and cuts across the Great Himalayan scope. This scope acts as a great H2O divide between the Spiti and Beas drainage systems. The most critical base on ballss of this scope are located near Darang ( 5,548 m ) , Kangra ( 5,248 m ) , and Rohtang ( 4,043 ) and are on the Pir-Panjal Range.To the E of Great Himalaya is the Zanskar scope that separates the Tibetan basin ( term basin denoting here as a geomorphic entity ) from Himachal Himalaya. The Tibetan basin is connected with the satluj basin of Himachal through base on ballss of Sholarung and Gumarang situated on the Zanskar scope. The river Satluj cuts this scope through a gorge at Shipki ( 6,570 m ) . The Satluj basin is rugg ed in nature and snow edge and the vale crosses the Great Himalayn ranges near China boundary line and Kalpa ( Kinnaur ) . The general height scope from 4,500-6,500 m, of which the Kinner Kailash ( 6473 ) forms the highest extremum. The intricate moasic forms of hills, mountains and vales all over the province is the feature of the survey country. There is general addition in lift from West to east and south to north.2.2 Geology of the Himachal HimalayaGeological Survey of India initiated about the geological surveies of Himachal Himalaya every bit early as 1860. Medlicott ( 1864 ) McMohan ( 1877, 1895 ) Oldham ( 1887, 1893 ) , Hayden ( 1904 ) Diener ( 1912 ) Pilgrim and West ( 1928 ) and Auden ( 1934 ) are the few innovator workers of this part. The important part to the geology of Himalaya in subsequent old ages contribute been added by Wadia ( 1931 ) Gansser ( 1964, 1977 ) Heim and Gansser ( 1975 ) Fuchs ( 1967,1975 ) and separates. The recent work by Bhargava ( 1972a, 1 975,1977b, 1979 ) Srikantia and Bhargava ( 1974,1976 ) , Gupta and Kumar ( 1975 ) , Srikantia ( 1981,1982 ) , Sorkhabi. , 1996, Fuchs. , 1981 is an effort to ease out some of the jobs of Himalaya, but most important work chiefly on jobs associate to biostratigraphy, lithology, construction and tectonics has been carried out by Valdiya ( 1970,1973 ) Bhattacharya and Niyogi ( 1971 ) Kumar ( 1971,1978a,1979 ) Kumar and Pande ( 1972 ) Sinha ( 1975,1977,1978 ) Virdi ( 1976 ) Fuchs and Sinha ( 1978 ) , Thakur ( 1980,1981 ) Thakur et al. , ( 1991 ) Pande ( 1991 ) . The geological set up of the Himachal Pradesh is taken after Thakur et.al. , ( 1991 ) ( Fig ) .2.3 CLIMATE AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE STUDY BASINThe clime is characterized by a short period of mild summer with a well terrible long winter. It has humid, sub-tropical clime in the southern low land countries, temperate in the Lesser Himalayan vales and cool ( sub-alpine ) in higher mountains. Snow-falls occur upto a ta llness of 1,300 m during the winters whereas above 4,000 m the countries are under lasting snow screen.The survey country experiences a terrible winter season characterized by the happening of heavy snowfall ( Fig.Snowfall reading figure of the basin ) at higher heights. India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) has categorised the whole twelvecalendar month into four season under Indian conditions. January to run into is classs under winter season, April to June as summer season, July to September in monsoon season and October to December is Chactgarized as fall season ( post monsoon months ) . Seasonal fluctuation in footings of month may change 15 yearss.1 ) Summer Season AMJ ( April?June ) ClimateIn summer season, temperature starts to increase in Himalayan part similar to the other parts of India. Intensity of increasing the temperature is less as comparison to kick and peninsular India. April to June months are considered as summer months in Himalayan part. These 3 months are considered as theodolite period between winter and monsoon season. Weather in Himalayan part sometimes influenced by electrical storms associated with rain during the summer season.2 ) Monsoon Season JAS ( July-September )Over the India, monsoon rains begin towards the really concluding of may or the first hebdomad of June over the utmost southern parts of the peninsula and ranges by terminal of June or starting of July in the Himalayan part. It varies from less than 75 yearss over Rajasthan, to more than 120 yearss over the south-western parts of the state lending to about 75 % of the one-year rain ( IMD 2010 ) . The parts which receive the largest rainfall are along the west seashore of India and the provinces of Assam and west Bengal in northest India. South west monsoon usually starts over the Kerala seashore. The subsequent advancement of the monsoon may be convenientially traced in the signifier of two ramifications, viz. , the Arabian Sea subdivision and the Bay of Bengal subdivision. The Arabian Sea subdivision bit by bit advances due norths to Mumbai by 10 June. In the interim, reaching of the Bay of Bengal monsoon over eastern portion is being observed. By mid June the Arabian Sea subdivision spreads over Saurashtra-Kutch and the cardinal parts of the state. Thereafter, the deflected current from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea subdivision of the monsoon tend to unify into a individual current. The staying parts of west Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, eastern half of the Rajasthan see their first monsoon showers by the first of July.The monsoon is influenced by planetary and local phenomenon like El Nino, northern hemispheric temperatures, sea surface temperatures, snow cover etc. The monsoonal rainfall oscillates between active enchantments associated with widespread rains over most parts of the state and interruptions with small rainfall activity over the fields and heavy rains across the foothills of the Himalayas. Heavy rainfall in the cragged catchments under break conditions consequences deluging over the fields. However, really uncomfortable conditions due to high humidness and temperatures is the characteristic associated with the Breaks.SW monsoon current becomes lame and by and large starts retreating from Rajasthan by 1stSeptember and from north-western parts of India by 15ThursdaySeptember. It withdraws from about all parts of the state by 15ThursdayOctober and is replaced by a northern continental air flow called North-East Monsoon. The withdrawing monsoon air currents cause occasional showers along the east seashore of Tamil Nadu, but rainfall decreases off from coastal parts.3 ) Post monsoon OND ( October-December )Post monsoon season is the driest period in the Himalaya. Rivers of cragged part is by and large prolong by base flow during this period. Southern provinces of India viz. Andhra Pradesh, Telungana, Kernataka, Kerala receive good sum of rainfall accounting for approximately 35 % of th eir one-year sum in these months. ( IMD study ) . Daily temperature starts falling all over the state. The average temperatures over western Himalaya diminution from approximately 320C to a scope of 15-180C in the month of November. Less humidness and clear sky over the most portion of the North and cardinal India after mid-October are features characteristics of this season ( IMD,2010 ) .4 ) Winter Season JFM ( January to March )January to March months are considered as winter season in India. This season starts in December holding clear skies, low temperature, big daytime fluctuations of temperature. In this season rain is by and large occur over the western Himalayas, the utmost north-eastern parts, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Precipitation during this season is occurred in signifier of rainfall every bit good as in solid signifier as snow in high height parts. This is governed by the extratropical conditions system of mid-latitude part arising from Caspian sea and traveling eastward. This winter conditions system is known as western perturbations and attack India from the West through Iran, Afgansitan and Pakistan.Western perturbations and associated trough in westerlies are chief rain bearing system in northern and eastern parts of the state. Precipitation signifier in the Himalaya is based on the height. , In greater Himalaya, snowfall is the lone(prenominal) signifier, snow and rain in the in-between Himalayas and light to chair rain over the outer Himalayas. Average frequence of the precipitation is approximately 5 to 6 each months and lessenings as season progresss towards the terminal.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Ethics and Cultures Essay

In the article American Values and Assumptions (American Ways A guide for Foreigners, 2003), Gary Althen discusses about the values and assumptions of American cultures and whether if they be beneficial or harmful to American gild. In America, slew have strong competition toward others and also they spend time on their privacy. Both American cultures value and assumption are beneficial to American society.American culture that is having a strong competition is beneficial to American society because having competitions make you compare yourself with others who are infract than you and it makes you try to become a better at what you are competing on. Competitiveness is less obvious when it is in the minds of people who are consistently comparing themselves with other who is faster, smarter, richer, better looking (Althen 8). For example, in sports, every athlete tries to become a better player than other who is better than them. Individualistic Americans naturally see themselves as being in competition with others (Althen 7). Competition brings the best player for American society and it is beneficial because America pull up stakes have better athletes and competitors compare to other countries where they dont have competitions.Privacy is beneficial to American society in American culture because everyone choose time to recover their psychological energy that was spent. Also, not having an individual time when you spent your time by yourself is tending to known as a wispy person or dependent. need some time to themselves or some time alone to think about things or recover their spent psychological energy (Althen 8). Having a time alone is very important and beneficial because people often need a time to think by themselves and having person next to you all the time wont get you an independent strength where you need to do something by your own.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Creation, the Fall, and the Journey of Redemption

Describe how the architecture and rituals associated with early catholic cathedrals represent the Creation, the Fall, and the journey of Redemption that leads back to the presence of God. Include in your essay a discussion of the east-west orientation of the cathedral, the atrium, the baptistery or baptismal font, anointing, and the symbolic layout of the structure. Creation begins with the fall and continues as a journey towards redemption through the resurrection. Catholics are headspring known for their elaborate Cathedrals. Some are so famous that people travel from all over the world to admire its artistic workmanship.In Christianity the Catholic denomination is the largest denomination. The leader being the Pope who lives in Rome, Italy. The Catholic Church with their symbols can be link up closely to that of what is found in LDS symbols. Many of the intimately sacred of ceremonies from these two religions are closely alike. This is due because they both originate from Hebre w origins in symbolic meaning behind the ceremonies. Cathedrals and LDS Temples can be concernd as a house here on earth dedicated to God. Cathedrals were set apart with the best the people had to offer.Examples of materials used to build the Cathedrals were purple, purple break away was the most expensive dye in previous clock, blue dye, red dye, silver, and gold. The stained glass and wall art was used to tell the stories of creation, struggles, faith, hope, and redemption. We can relate this to LDS temples because we try to build temples with only the best of materials. It is filled as white, blue, and gold linings. Temples are usually eloquent but they try to avoid from over expressing stunner in the temple and keep in clean. This is because one theme of LDS temples is clean.It is a place where clean beings can dwell, for example, God and even our souls because of the redemption power of God. deathless novels have been written about the fall. Perhaps the biggest change that has happened in the Catholic Church is when the ordinance of baptism started changing over time. Sometimes the change is a entire thing because God wills it. An example of this is when Joseph Smith first gave the temple ceremonies and ordinances it took 6 hours for the endowment session. Things are much different today. Other times things change because with time we forget, or at the very least we unknowingly change things.I remember a story when because of wars some LDS churches in Germany worked as best as they could under the circumstances. Eventually when the war was done and higher LDS officials were able to come into Germany and visit the Saints something astonishing happened. It had only been a matter of a few years and yet the way the Sacrament was being administered was not in line with the Church guidelines. Talk to Brother Openshaw on campus if you want a more than credible and full detailed account of this story. The Journey of Redemption is all encompassing. I believ e that everything in this mortal life has a creation, fall, and eventual(prenominal) redemption.The articles we read this week made strong bridges showing that Cathedrals perhaps paved the way for eventual LDS temples to be built. On a side notation I find it to be a testimony builder for there to be so many similarities between LDS temples and the Catholic Church. It is true that we have more common than we do in difference. I believe God influences everyone around the world regardless of their religion. So when another group of people who are cave in from us have so many of the same beliefs it gives me comfort knowing that God loves all men and women, and He reaches out to teach us and loves us all.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Why Do We Need Management?

why do we study Management? Melisa H superstarycutt Vista College Why do we admit Management? A business is an ongoing activity that will not run itself. As the manager, you will have to set goals, work how to reach those goals and make all the necessary decisions. You will have to purchase or make your product, price it, advertise it and sell it. You will have to cargo deck records, and determine costs. You will have to control inventory, make the right buying decisions and keep costs down.You will have to hire, train and stir up employees now or as you grow. ( Soni 2010) When a company has good management, the whole company does well. A good manager will be a great buffer for the possessor and his employees. He/she will also coordinate most of the day-to-day business. Now we will wait on at what is the purpose of management, I find that there ar five primary functions. * Staffing You must be good at seeing raw talent and knowing when the company will need more employees. g rooming You need to be able to see the big as well as the small picture. * OrganizingYou need great focus, most of the time you will need to be in many places and doing many jobs at once. It is a balancing act. * Leading You will need to be a leader that can motivate people and get people to work together. * Controlling You will need to monitor the business to make sure it stays on track. To me the world would look much like my home, if my husband and I left and put no one in charge.It would be complete and utter chaos no one would know where things are and who did what. I see a manager as a babysitter of sorts and managing a business will be a administer like running my home and family. Does juggling ever come to mind when you think of running your own business? It does mine References Soni, J. (2010). Why do we need Management? yahoo answers. Retrieved from answers. yahoo. com What are the Primary Functions of Management? (2012, November). In Blurtit. Retrieved from QuickBase. In tuit,com website blurtit. com

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Civic Education In The Uk And The Record Education Essay

This essay leave try to specify an idol citizen. The essay provide sketch the worsening donationicular date of modern some oneness and other inspirations for the application program of polite focal point into the dictatorial course of study inside the Untied soil. The course of study of civil instruction across the United Kingdom will be briefly outlined, taking into history the differences between England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Some of the jobs with learning methods will be addressed and alternate signifiers of acquisition will be outlined, with focal point on experiential acquisition. The pretermiture of polite instruction to prosecute new-fashioned person in the policy-making procedure will be addressed, this essay will neverthe little foreground the ways in which young person appear to going eng maturated in the local and planetary fel haplessship. large civil instruction will be briefly discussed, with peculiar focal point on its importance in change magnitude the battle of young person and policy-making pattern in the hereafter, some troubles with insulating the achievement or failure from a range of influences will besides be discussed. This essay will be focused on civic instruction for infantile bulk. This essay will reason that the failure to actuate young person and prosecute them in the governmental procedure, which is important in make practiceding the persist of a serious and active citizen, reflects a failure of the nature of civic instruction in the United Kingdom.Specifying an ideal citizenThe constructs of a good or active citizen atomic number 18 interpretative, changing throughout many demographics within the United Kingdom. The diverse population of the UK, within societal home systems, cultural groups and spiritual groups for illustration, mean that many constructs of what constitutes citizenship exist within its population. We moldiness understand the impression of a good or active citi zen in edict to mensurate the success or failure of civil instruction in the United Kingdom. Although thither whitethorn be fluctuation within these catswelled headrizations, an active citizen is one who engages in the governmental procedure and engages in broader society.An ideal active citizen will take part in society in a assortment ways. Norris ( 2002, p216 ) identifies pick out as one of the most common signifiers of governmental battle. Turn out for elections is a cardinal component of civic battle within modern-day substitute democracies. Franklin and Van Der Eijk ( 2009, p1 ) note that elections allow citizens who balloting an chance to lay down their policy-making penchants, which have deductions for the behavior of a authorities and the policies that a authorities will peruse. If a society is to stay democratic, citizens must take into custody an input within this procedure. An active citizen may besides rival in fellowship rank. Norris ( 2002, p218 ) states that parties serve multiple mapsSimplifying and structuring electoral picks organizing and call uping runs jointing and aggregating disparate involvements imparting communicating, audience, and argument preparation, recruiting, and choosing campaigners structuring parliamentary divisions moving as policy think armored combat vehicles and organising authorities.An active citizen would put on their cognition of political relations and the political system in choosing a party that best represented the involvements of themselves and their sensed impression of a wider benefit.Equally good as employment in the political procedure citizens must work towards accomplishing societal capital. This can be understood as the creative activity of community within society. At its most simple degree societal capital should be produced through administrations of household, friends, vicinities and schools. Putnam ( 2000, p19 ) defines the construct of societal capital as Connections among pe rsons societal webs and the norms of reciprocality and trustiness that come up from them. In that sense societal capital is closely related to what some have called civic virtuousness. The difference is that societal capital calls attending to the fact that civic virtuousness is most powerful when embedded in a sense web of mutual societal dealingss. A society of many virtuous precisely stray persons is non needfully rich in societal capital.In order to accomplish an ideal vision of citizenship, persons must go involved within the community, each bit good as within the political procedure. Norris ( 2002, p220 ) claims that Putnam s thesis possibly realised by citizens give-up the ghosting to environmental groups, athleticss nines, volunteering, spiritual administrations and civic groups much(prenominal) as the parent- instructor association. Putnam ( 1995, p68 ) claims that civic battle leads to swear within society and the realization of democracy. Civic instruction purpos es to make good rounded citizens, the success or failure of such instruction should be based on these results. Does civic instruction green goods such citizens? Are persons politically engaged? Do persons partake in civic activity?Worsening day of the month in babyish wadThe average immature individual does non vote and does nt belong to a political party and has really small trust in political establishments. Harmonizing to Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p2 ) turnout for the 2005 general election historic low of 37 % . Merely 10 % of immature people are said to trust politicians and merely 6 % trust political parties. This is perceived by Kisby to be due to the increasingly irrelevancy of political parties for immature people. Mair and Van Biezen ( 2001, p7 ) suggests that such detachment may besides be due to the limited chance for immature people to show their sentiments, or party schemes to maximise ballots that rationally disregards marginalised groups that are less likely to vote, such as young person, and, the weakening of immature people s place in relation to the churn market and the common assistance province.Figure one Voter Turnout By Age ( IDEA, 2005 )The figures within this tabular array highlight the statement that the number of interest in voting from young person has decreased over the erstwhile(prenominal) two UK elections.These issues have been lending drivers for advancing civic instruction in schools. Signs of young person detachment have made civic instruction high in the docket for national authoritiess and supranational administrations such as the council of atomic number 63 and the European committee. Harmonizing to Kerr ( 2009, p18 ) within a paper by the Institute of Global Ethics other factors include Concern about weakening political and civic battle in society or detachment, peculiarly among the immature Increased motion of peoples within and across states and the force per unit areas on community coherence and inter-cultural d ealingss The expansion of supra-national entities such as the European Union ( EU ) The impact of planetary events, peculiarly 9/11 and the London, Madrid and Mumbai onslaughts, and patronages about battling terrorist act and extremism Issues some the direction and hereafter of the planet refering planetary citizenship, the environment and the universe economic system.And eventually the deficiency of trust for politicians and political parties.Implementing civic instruction theoretically provides a measure towards get the better ofing these obstructions of modern society in the UK.The civic instruction course of study for stripling civic instruction in schools within the United KingdomCitizenship instruction became a compulsory topic in the national course of study for secondary schools in August 2002 across the United Kingdom. kinsfolk 2007 local and planetary citizenship became a statutory constituent of the revised Northern Ireland course of study. Andrews et. EL. ( 2005, p4 ) suggests that the civic instruction course of study in Northern Ireland reflects the concern with humankind rights and internationalism, whilst understating counter issues associating to national individuality. In Scotland, Values and Citizenship is one of the five National Priorities in Education. Harmonizing to Andrews et. EL. ( 2007, p4 ) states that the The Education for Citizenship in Scotland study published in 2002 promote a citizenship programme that focused on the rights, duties and regard of immature people within Scots communities. thitherfore more accent is placed on national cultural individuality so within the English course of study. In Wales, Citizenship is dowry of the statutory proviso for Personal and Social Education and Education for sustainable Development and Global Citizenship. Andrews et. EL. ( 2007, p5 ) suggests that Citizenship instruction plays a cardinal function in bring forthing an inclusive sense of cultural and civic Welshness , pulling on the pertly devolved national establishments, whilst staying rooted in familiar local concerns.When foremost introduced to England the citizenship instruction course of study had three strands political literacy, societal and moral duty and community battle. Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p2 ) province that the purposes of the class were to learn immature people to go good informed, responsible citizens engaged in mainstream political and civic activities, such as vote and engaging in voluntary work, in peculiar at a local community degree. Citizenship instruction screens political relations and authorities, the legal system, equal chances and human rights issues. New citizenship instruction has included a Forth strand identity and mixture life unitedly in the UK which teaches kids about affairs at two a national and regional degree. These include ethic and spiritual civilizations and their connexions, kids are besides required to research the construct of community coherence. Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p7 ) province that a full GCSE was to be made available from September 2009 and an A degree in citizenship instruction is besides being devised.Harmonizing to Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p6 ) the purpose of citizenship and determine instruction is no perennial merely about promoting formal political engagement in civic society, but besides now about readying for informal engagement in civil society acquisition of a greater apprehension and grasp of issues of individuality and belonging, community coherence, diverseness and inclusion in society and development of a sense of citizenship in a planetary context, peculiarly around issues of sustainable development and besides the environment. Harmonizing to Andrews et. EL. ( 2007, p11 ) the school system frequently teaches pupils citizenship advancing compliance and billet alternatively of liberty. A job with the classs seem to be the descriptive nature, missing analytical and critical component, doing the content a shallow debut to the worlds of assorted political procedures.Alternate signifiers of civic instruction for young personCivic instruction is portion of the course of study, in which civic ideals are taught in a traditional format, nevertheless civic surveies may be received better by pupils if taught in alternate ways. Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p6 ) suggest that schools can move as mini-polities. In this format pupils will larn to be effectual citizens if there is importance placed upon the democratic nature of, and chances for look in schools. Andrews et. EL. ( 2007, p11 ) claim that schools provide formative spheres for look and civic battle, for pattern in societal dealingss and in covering with authorization. This may be a more effectual format of citizenship as it is an synergistic experience that relates to pupils ain experiences, and allows them to take part in and reflect upon the broad spectrum of democratic political relations. This construct may be understood as experiential acquisition.Ex periential acquisition is larning through reflection of making, for illustration a kid may larn about recreate beings better at a menagerie instead than reading about animate beings in a book. In making this the kid is doing their ain find and non larning 2nd manus. Kolb et. EL. ( 2005, p199 ) province that experiential acquisition requires no instructor it does nevertheless take aim the scholar to be volitionally involved in the acquisition experiences, the scholar must be able to reflect on their experiences, must possess and utilize analytical accomplishments to hold on the experience and eventually the scholar must besides possess determination devising and job work outing accomplishments in order to utilize the new thoughts gained form the experience.Civic instruction is believed to be most efficaciously taught through such an synergistic attack. Kolb et. EL. ( 2005, p200 ) suggests that experiential acquisition connects larning to pupils past experiences and promotes the im pression of pupils actively and collaboratively prosecuting in engagement activities that address issues relevant to their ain lives. This learning manner leads to the development of cognition and accomplishments facilitated through public presentation and games. Kolb et. EL. ( 2005, p199 ) claims that this engagement in work-based acquisition concerned with accomplishing public goods, and underscores the importance of participants reflecting on and analyzing the activities undertaken. Citizenship lessons, through the community engagement strand, get ahead pupils to prosecute in participative activities. Harmonizing to Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p7 ) research in the unify provinces shows that educating democracy can and should use a assortment of educational patterns acquisition through discussion and deliberation , political research and action undertakings , speakers and wise mans , placements, intern-ships and service larning and structured contemplation . This is neverthel ess believed to force immature people in the way of volunteering and non vote. heretofore, cognition, engagement and deliberation are all vitally of import elements that must be linked together in citizenship lessons, if it is to be active citizenship instead than merely volunteering that pupils are engaged in.Youth battle in the political procedureYouth engagement and engagement refering political relations in the United Kingdom remains low, proposing a failure of citizenship surveies. This decision can be assessed in relation to the engagement of immature people in the political procedure after civic instruction was made compulsory in schools across the United Kingdom in 2002. seek conducted by the Hansard Society provides analysis of current political attitudes, gained from face-to-face study schoolings. The audit of political attitudes and engagement combines regular inquiries which measure underlying tendencies on publicbattle from twelvemonth to twelvemonth, every bit good as particular subdivisions concentrating on peculiar issues orsubdivisions of the population. This research is funded by the House of Commons and the Ministry of Justice. From this information we are presented with inside informations of immature peoples attitudes towards the political procedure in 2009, long after the execution of civic instruction throughout schools in the United Kingdom.It appears that civic instruction in the United Kingdom has failed to prosecute young person in the political procedure. Interest in political relations remains low among young person. The Hansard Audit of Political utilization 6 ( 2009, p48 ) displays that merely one 3rd ( 35 % ) of those elderly 18-24 say they are interested, compared to over half of people for all age groups above the age of 25. It can be assumed that without involvement in political relations, other signifiers of political engagement will, in bend, be low.Evidence of young person keeping political cognition appears low despit e of civic instruction. Harmonizing to informations calculated by the Hansard Audit of Political combat 6 ( 2009, p50 ) perceived cognition appears to correlate with age, with 32 % of 18-24 twelvemonth olds stating they know at least a just sum about political relations increasing steadily to 60 % of 65-74 twelvemonth olds, though merely 49 % of the 75+ age group say the same.As displayed in Figure one young person turnout appears to be worsening. Voting is seen as a cardinal factor of active citizenship, lending to a successful democracy. The Hansard Audit of Political Engagement 6 ( 2009, p48 ) shows that merely 24 % of young person ages between 18-24 claim they would vote in an immediate general election compared to the norm of 53 % . The ego proclaimed likelihood to vote in general elections appears to increase with age as displayed in the findings below.Figure 2Civic instruction purposes to learn pupils about ideal citizenship in a democratic society. withal this deficiency of willingness to vote and miss of battle with the political procedure shows that civic and political theory taught with civic instruction may non be put into pattern after category.Within youth the apprehension of what constitutes a good citizen and implementing such beliefs are non linked. This is apparent in relation to civic engagement in political parties. The Hansard Audit of Political Engagement 6 ( 2009, p57 ) inside informations that filiation ining a political party is seen by the smallest proportion of the populace as an of import behavior of a good citizen about 63 % of those surveyed say it is fairly unimportant or not of import at all . However fall ining a political party is more likely to be seen as of import by the younger population. 42 % of surveyed 18-24 twelvemonth olds believe fall ining a political party is indispensable or of import in order to be a good citizen, compared to 34 % of the populace as a whole. Yet there is a contrast evident between the big f igure of people who think something is of import and their willingness to really make it. Harmonizing to the audit of political engagement, merely 1 % of 18-24 twelvemonth olds have paid a rank fee or made a contribution to a political party in the last two or three old ages. Political engagement appears to be unchanged by the execution of compulsory civic instruction throughout the United Kingdom. However youth appear to going engaged in incompatible ways.Engagement of immature people in civic activityCivicss instruction is seen to hold an impact on the engagement of young person in wider society. Harmonizing to Pattie et. EL. ( 2004, p173 ) through entree to civic instruction immature people are going progressively involved within the community, both locally and planetary in different ways. Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p3 ) claim that while trust for politicians and political parties is seen to be diminishing around a 3rd of immature people trust certain non authorities administration s like the amnesty International and Greenpeace.The information below, from the Hansard Audit of Political Engagement 6 ( 2009, p58 ) we can see that 24 % of young person aged between 18-24 donated to charity or candidacy administrations, compared to the really low 1 % of surveyed young person who contributed to political parties. By donating to Charity and non authorities administrations youth may believe that they are lending to breaking a state of affairs nest to their bosom, in which their part will really do a difference. These issues, normally of planetary significance make young person subscribers to a wider, planetary society.Figure 3Is civic instruction holding a positive consequence on civic battle and political engagement for young person?Youth engagement should non be divorced from broader developments in society given that engagement depends every bit much on category, income, educational attainment and regional location as it does on age. citizenship instruction is mer ely one component of turn toing the demand side of seeking to positively act upon immature people s civic attitudes. It is ambitious to insulate civic instruction as the exclusive subscriber to making active immature citizens. Other factors may prosecute immature citizens. Park et EL. ( 2004, p33 ) emphasise the function of socio-economic category in civic battle as they claim immature people from more advantaged backgrounds are significantly more likely than those from less advantaged house holds to prosecute in political relations. Motivation may besides originate for immature people from the political clime Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p323 ) claim that this was seen to some tip with the success of Barack Obama in the US.Young peoples engagement in political relations and battle with the political procedure appears to be unaffected by civic instruction. However it is apparent that immature people are interested and engaged in alternate ways. From this observation it appears that while pupils are deriving an apprehension of what it means to be a good citizen, few are rehearsing many facets of it.Harmonizing to informations accessed from UCAS a figure of pupils taking A-levels and inscribing for political relations degree programmes has increased over the past decennary. There were a sum of 5239 appliers to political relations grades in 2008 harmonizing to the facts and figures of the UCAS, compared to 2692 in 1996 long earlier civic instruction was made compulsory.Figure 4This may foreground a success in the civics instruction plan. It seems that civic instruction surveies have motivated young person to derive farther instruction on political relations and the political procedure. This crisp slope of appliers to political relations plans across the United Kingdom may besides be the consequence of an inflow of appliers across all university classs.Harmonizing to Kisby et. EL. ( 2009, p6 ) citizenship lessons are likely to hold a positive impact on pupil battle in society in the longer term. However, contrary to this belief, Milner ( 2002, p118 ) suggests that it uncertain of whether or non kids retain the information received in civic instruction surveies at school throughout their grownup lives. Park et EL. ( 2004, p33 ) claim that immature people populating with grownups who show an involvement in political relations are more likely to go interested in political relations themselves, to place with a political party and believe and understand that it is everyone s civic responsibility to vote. This suggests that an engaged grownup population who pattern political relations and contribute to society would ensue in a more occupied young person. Therefore some signifier of big instruction is required to continue an occupied people.Adult civic instructionSimilarly to civic instruction within schools, Boggs ( 1991, p81 ) defines civic instruction for grownups as a purposeful and systematic attempt to develop within grownups the accomplishments a nd personal demands needed to map as citizens within their community. Adults have greater functions within the community so young person of school age, it is of import for them to understand the demands of a citizen within a democracy. Milner ( 2002, p117 ) suggests that there is good ground to believe that, when it comes to civic literacy, the content of what is learned as an grownup is more of import than that learned in schools during young person. Adults over the age of 18 are able to partake in elections, most have an income enabling them to lend to society, political determinations appear to impact them more straight so immature people. Adults need civic cognition to protect their involvements within elections and to lend to their community. It is for these grounds Milner ( 2002, p 119 ) believes that it is cardinal that civic instruction is reinforced throughout the lives of grownups in order to bring forth citizens efficaciously engaged in society and the political procedure . Without reviewing political thoughts in grownup heads detachment will happen, as sentiments and values become out-of-date. Engaged grownups lead to greater battle within younger cohorts of the electorate, intending that an involvement in the political procedure and in activities associating to civic battle will be perpetuated. There does nevertheless look to be a deficiency of civic instruction classs for grownups in the United Kingdom. In order for the true intensity level of civic instruction to be realised, civic instruction must be aimed at both school aged young person and grownups likewise.troubles in measuring rod civic instruction s success or failureThe success or failure of civic instruction can be assessed by the political and societal activities partaken in after prosecuting with survey. Therefore insulating the success or failure of civic instruction is hard. Other factors play a portion in the battle of citizens in the political procedure and in society more by and large. Engagement is marked by socio-economic position, ethnicity, age, gender and income every bit good as instruction. The function of instruction in making good and active citizens is difficult to measure when many facets play a portion in the result.DecisionCitizenship instruction became a compulsory topic in the national course of study for secondary schools in August 2002 across the United Kingdom. We must understand the impression of a good or active citizen in order to mensurate the success or failure of Civic instruction in the United Kingdom. Although there may be fluctuation within these categorizations, an active citizen is one who engages in the political procedure and engages in broader society. The purpose of citizenship instruction about promoting formal political engagement in civic society, but besides now about readying for informal engagement in civil society. The average immature individual does non vote and does nt belong to a political party and has real ly small trust in political establishments. These marks of young person detachment have made civic instruction high in the docket for national authoritiess. Students are encouraged to get a greater apprehension and grasp of issues of individuality and belonging, community coherence, diverseness and inclusion in society. Citizenship instruction aims to develop of a sense of citizenship in a planetary context, peculiarly around issues of sustainable development and besides the environment. In order to accomplish an ideal vision of citizenship, persons must go involved within the community, every bit good as within the political procedure. Civic instruction purposes to make good rounded citizens, the success or failure of such instruction should be based on these results.Civic ideals are taught in a traditional format, nevertheless civic surveies may be received better by pupils if taught in alternate ways. Alternate signifiers of learning, such as those which encourage experiential ac quisition, may be a more effectual format of citizenship instruction as it is provides an synergistic experience that relates to pupils ain experiences, and allows them to take part in and reflect upon the political procedure and political relations itself. Knowledge, engagement and deliberation are all vitally of import elements that must be linked together in citizenship lessons, if it is to be active citizenship instead than merely volunteering that pupils are engaged in. Youth engagement and engagement refering political relations in the United Kingdom remains low, proposing a failure of citizenship surveies. Young people fail to demo marks of battle with political relations or marks of political engagement even after the execution of civic instruction within schools.Young people do demo an apprehension of what constitutes a good citizen but fail to implementing these ideals, such as vote and belonging to a political party. However entree to civic instruction has engaged immatur e people in different ways. Young people are going progressively involved within the community, through activities such as volunteering or donating to charity administrations. This suggests that involvement and trust in political relations remain low. Over all it is hard to insulate the success or failure of civic instruction. Other factors play a portion in the battle of citizens within their communities and in the political procedure.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Relationship Diversity

A look into the deferent variations of relationships APRIL 9, 2014 PROOF. MCCRACKEN Soc. SSL. 17 ? Human Sexuality Duffer 1 Marina M. Duffer April 9, 2014 Human Sexuality moh collar to like someone when you find out what makes them laugh, but you can never truly crawl in someone until you find out what makes them cry. Finding someone that completes you Is never an easy task. It takes time to find that special person that can make you smile. The one person that understands you completely. During my observations on campus I saw many different types of couples.Many of which seemed to be pure Infatuations. There argon seven different types of relationships. The first is consummate, which is a type that is high on the levels of passion, commitment, and intimacy. The second is an infatuated couple, one that is purely passion. because there is fatuous which is high on both passion and commitment. The fourth is an empty relationship, which is pure commitment. This means that this certain type of couple does not requirement a big amount of passion or intimacy. The last three argon all high on intimacy but differ real vaguely. There is compassionate which includes ointment.Romantics which is a mixture of both intimacy and passion. And the last friendship, which Is high purely on intimacy. The one thing that I noticed with virtually of the couples that were under Infatuated relationships Is that they were young. Well between their early twenties and their mid-twenties. They were somewhat Inseparable. High on passion and life Itself. Nothing, for what it seems can tear these two apart. The new formed couples. The ones that are still in the honeymoon stage. Duffer 2 The couples that were put into the consummate category were those that have been aired for a while and the long-term couples.These are in full commitment to each other and are still in high light though they have their down sides but they plosive speech sound fully strong. They are full of passion and i ntimacy as well as committed to one another. The romantics and the compassionate groups are somewhat similar, in which they are high on Intimacy. exclusively, they differ in which romantics are high on passion. The compassionate couples are high on commitment. These couples range from friends who convert into couples or flock who arrange an agreement to be with each other. Woo groups may end up in disarray.What was supposed to begin without emotions ends up being a love affair. The friendship group, which is high on Just intimacy only. This is a special group. They share secrets and intimate details about each other. They are the group that I believe to be the greatest on of them all. No matter what you throw at them they know how to deal with every issue. Even with all these issues they still solemnize that sense of friendship. That sense of honesty and trust. The empty group, which is only high on commitment levels, is actually not so empty at all.They share a love that does no t require and sense of romance, passion, or intimacy. They with each other to last with each other. They are an open couple who can laugh and smile. But not need anything more. They live off of each others happiness and not the way their body looks or feels. My observations have showed me a different perspective on relationships and where they can lead. They are such a beautiful thing to cherish and keep. They are obscure and complicated. Two people sharing different qualities and characteristics is Just an surprise and wonderful.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Root Causes of the Holocaust and Wwii

WWII and the Holocaust were two key events of the 20th century. Each had their own causes and historical factors leading up to their development. While the two events occurred plastered to each early(a) each developed self-g everywhereningly and neither was cause for the other. Anti-Jewish prejudice has a long invoice and was present in Germany long onwards WWII. The German muckle elected the national socialist party and it was its rise to power that lead to WWII. The national socialist party had many other strange policies that, while non as thorough as the Jewish policies, were odd and extreme in different way.The roots of WWII are based on the Nazi partys scotch policies and not as a fancy dress for genocide. Therefore WWII was not a cause of the Holocaust and it was not used as a mask for the Holocaust. Prejudice against Jews has existed from pre B. C. times through the Holocaust to the present day. There are countless examples throughout history of Jewish persecution . One of the earliest references to other nationalities persecuting Jews is told in the Bibles Book of Exodus. The Exodus of the Israelites (Jews) from Egypt is the theme described in the preceding(prenominal)-mentioned book after the Egyptians treated them as slaves.In the First Crusade, 1096, communities on the Rhine and the Danube were suddenly destroyed. In the Second Crusade, 1147, the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in, 1290, the banishing of all English Jews in 1396, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France and, in 1421 thousands were expelled from Austria. These examples show how throughout history Jews have been persecuted and discriminated against by various nations.Several European writers twisted Darwins Theory of Evolution to put forward there was a hierarchy of races with Jews at the bottom. In addition, subvert of the theory of evolution was an important factor in the extreme forms of racism, especially that against blacks and Jews, that flourished at the turn of the century and for many years beyond. This quotation helps support the thinker that The Theory of Evolution has been used in only extreme cases of racism and the Nazi party used this theory to prove that Jews are inferior.Jews have been represent as moneylenders and manipulators of financial systems. In Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, the character shylock is a Jew and seen as the villain of the story. To begin with the Merchant of Venice, for most of the history of the reception of the play, Shylock has been seen as fundamentally an unsympathetic character if not a villain. He is also often seen as a caricature of a grasping, vicious and frisky Jew. The debate is not about whether or not Shylock is bad, tho really is about whether Shylock is bad because he is a bad Jew or bad because he is simply a Jew.This quotation, a s said by Hussein Ibish, proves that even Shakespeare was racist towards Jews. This is another historical example that the Nazis used to suggest that the Jews were the cause of the poor German parsimony. The Nazi party tapped into shared German feelings of the above points to rise in popularity with the voters. The Nazi party utilized the German good deals prejudices and worries to get democratically elected. Due to the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI, Germany was sentenced to make payments to the victors.This crushed the German economy and make the people unhappy and in reckon of somewhatone who could bring them out of this mess. The Nazi party rose in popularity due to poor economic conditions and the peoples fear of the rise of the communistic party given the mess that Russia was in due to communism. In December of 1928, Joseph Goebbels posted an essay to persuade the Germans not to buy goods from the Jews. The essay was called Deutsche, kauft nur bei Juden When transla ted, it means Germans get int buy from the Jew He believed the Jews produced bad quality goods and would cheat you out of a good monetary value. Because the Jew sells cheap, but shoddy merchandise, whereas the German sets a proper price for good merchandise. Because the Jew cheats you, whereas the German treats you fairly and honestly. Because you can buy all sorts of trash from the Jew, but the German sells mostly only quality goods. The Nazi party promised a solution to the economic problem that was affecting all of Germany. In 1928 the Nazi party came in 2nd and by the 1932 election they won the majority of seats. The economy was still in crisis.In the election of July 1932, the Nazi Party won 37% of the Reichstag seats, thanks to a massive propaganda campaign. For the next six months, the most powerful German leaders were embroiled in a series of desperate political maneuverings. Ultimately, these major players severely underestimated Hitlers political abilities. It was the peo ple of Germany that put Nazi party in power which caused them to takeover and become greedy with power. In January 1933 Hitler was appointed German Chancellor. In the March 1933 final election the parliament votes to give Chancellor thoroughgoing power putting an end to the Catholic party.Later that year, President Hindenburg died and Hitler blended the two roles of President and Chancellor under the title of Der Fuhrer. The people had so much assurance in the Nazi party that they allowed them to take complete control by democratic elections. The people voted in the Nazi party which allowed them to enact numerous extreme policies. The Nazi party also had many other oppressive policies at this time besides the anti-Jewish ones. The party promoted removing women from the workforce to help male employment range and offered money to women to have kids more kids more money.The money came from taxing single men and childless families heavily. On November 14, 1935 a law was passed banni ng German unification to gypsies, negroes and people of mixed race (this would include jews). NOVEMBER 14, 1935? NUREMBERG LAW EXTENDED TO OTHER GROUPS? The first supplemental decree of the Nuremberg Laws extends the prohibition on marriage or familiar relations between people who could produce racially suspect offspring. A week later, the minister of the interior interprets this to mean relations between those of German or related blood and Roma (Gypsies), blacks, or their offspring.This policy displays how the Nazi party was not just racist towards Jews, but they viewed themselves as the dominant race above all others. Women were expected to have at least 4 children and if they did they received a medal every year on the birthday of Hitlers grandmother. The Nazi party also forced teachers to follow revised textbooks. School lessons were based on Nazi ideas. Math problems involved calculations about bombing targeted countries such as Poland and killing invalids. Schools were sing le sex and girls were educated much differently.They studied no foreign languages and the only subjects they were taught related to cooking and childcare. By changing the textbooks for children in rail is made Germans look good in history history has to show they are the superior race and make up for the fact that they lost WWI. The Nazi party also banned Mickey Mouse and Disney movies. The fate of Mickey Mouse under the Third Reich offers a bizarre insight into the impact of Nazi policies relating to the media and the control of ideas. Hitler ordered the Disney films featuring him and other cartoon characters to be banned.The Nazis accused Walt Disney himself of having Jewish ancestry and feared that his innocent-seeming cartoons threatened Germans with being infected by undesirable cultural influences. correct more striking is the interpretation that Mickey Mouse could be seen as positively symbolizing the Jewish outsider overcoming adversity and that, Hitler loathed the portr ayal of the mouse as clean and harmless since his propaganda machine was focused on representing Jews as dirty vermin. Walt Disney was thought to be a Jew and mice are vermin, like Jews.This goes to show how twisted the minds of the Nazi party really were to ban an innocent cartoon character because of what it could be morphed to stand for. It wasnt until 1941, well after the start of the war, that the Nazis decided to kill the Jews and began displace them to extermination camps in eastern European countries such as Poland. This was the Holocaust. This policy was created by Hitlers senior officers in the party (Himmler, Heydrich and Eichmann) and Hitler allowed it. This policy was not made public and only after the war ended was the full extent of it discovered.The Nazi party also had extreme solutions for their economic issues. The attention of the Belgian, Czechoslovak, G reek, Jugoslav, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norwegian, Polish, Soviet, coupled Kingdom and United States Govern ments and also of the French National Committee has been drawn to numerous reports from Europe that the German authorities, not content with denying to persons of Jewish race in all the territories over which their barbarous rule has been extended, the most elementary human rights, are now carrying into effect Hitlers oft-repeated intention to exterminate the Jewish people in Europe.This was the most extreme of the policies, but it was just another policy, not the idea intended from the start. The above policies show that the Nazis could provide extreme solutions and this will be shown in their economic solutions as well. The true cause of WWII flows from the Nazi party solution to Germanys economic problems. The Nazi solution to shortages was to create a plan to con more land and raw materials. I today present the following as the new Four-Year Plan.In four years Germany must be wholly independent of foreign areas in those materials which can be produced in any way through German ability, through our chemical and machine industry, as well as through our mining industry. The re-building of this great German raw material industry will serve to give employment to the masse. This quotation was a proclamation from Hitler proving that the Nazis was not just simply to take over. They were mainly focused on acquiring more raw materials. Germany deployed the strategy by taking over Austria, parts of France and Czechoslovakia. He attached Austria to Germany in just few days, without the help of his army. In fact his generals were against an Austrian invasion. Italy was supposed to defend Austria they had a pact. Italy did not respond not against Hitler. Britain and France continue to let Hitler expand more in hopes he would soon be satisfied, but their assumptions were wrong and he continued to expand. In an effort to avoid war, the leaders of several European countries met in Munich to discuss how to avoid war and establish a peaceful Europe.Hitler demanded parts of Czechoslovakia be absorbed into Germany, and British Prime government minister Neville Chamberlain agreed, giving Hitler a chunk of Czechoslovakia that was home to three million ethnic Germans. With these deal in place, Chamberlain believed he had satisfied the German war machine. Germany expanded into other countries while Britain and France foolishly allowed it. Germany invading Poland was finally too much for Britain and France to handle so on September 3, 1939 they declared war. At 445 a. . , some 1. 5 million German troops invade Poland all along its 1,750-mile border with German-controlled territory. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler claimed the massive invasion was a defensive action, but Britain and France were not convinced. On September 3, they declared war on Germany, initiating World War II. Germanys invasion per their economic policy pushed France and Britain too far and finally triggered the war. It was Germanys economic policy of expansions that triggered the war, nothing e lse.The above paragraphs of historical fact show that the war started forrader the Holocaust and its causes were independent of the causes of the Holocaust. We have seen how prejudice against Jews has built up over time and how the Nazi party took it to the extreme by starting a mass genocide in 1941 the Holocaust. We have also seen that the Nazi solution to Germanys economic problems relied on taking over countries to get resources and cheap labour, which eventually lead to the declaration of war in 1939. These were two independent paths.War was declared before the Holocaust and for reasons that had nothing to do with the Holocaust. The world didnt even know in 1939 about the atrocity that was to come. This it is clear from historical fact that WWII was neither a cause of the Holocaust or a mask for it. 1 . Bible Gate Way, Exodus 18-14 http//www. biblegateway. com/passage/? search=Exodus+1& var.=GNT 2 . Wikipedia, History of the Jews and the Crusades. http//en. wikipedia. org /wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades 3 . Dr.Jerry Bergman, Darwinism, Evolution, and Racism. Bible Believers, http//www. biblebelievers. net/creationscience/kjcevol1. htm 4 . Hussein Ibish, Anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice and The Jew of Malta, The Weblog of Hussein Ibish, http//ibishblog. com/blog/hibish/2009/12/05/anti_semitism_merchant_venice_and_jew_malta 5 . Joseph Goebbels, Germans, steal only from the Jews. Calvin College Minds In The Making. (Munich Zentralverlag der NSDAP. , 1935), pp. 331-333 http//www. calvin. edu/academic/cas/gpa/angrif10. htm 6 . The Florida

Monday, May 20, 2019

Conan Doyle Essay

In the The Blue Carbuncle Sherlock Holmes solves the mystery of a stolen diamond. The criminal in this theme is a man named James Ryder. After James Ryder had stolen The Blue Carbuncle he stuck it down a fatheads throat. The goose that had the diamond was distributed the Breckenridge St altogether, then sold to a goose club at the alpha Inn. Sherlock Holmes bumps into James Ryder outside the Breckenridge Stall. Sherlock Holmes makes the criminal confess to what he had done. Sherlock Holmes then lets him go free because he thinks that he will not commit any more than crimes, because of how fearful he was.It was quite important for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to create a irrelevant atmosphere because it adds to the tension. All three stories have strange and unique atmospheres, but each storys atmosphere is diametrical. In The expiration Headed League, Conan Doyle describes the ambit of Saxe-Coburg Square. He bear witnesss how unpleasant and muddled the area is. It was a pokey, de tailed, shabby-genteel place, where four lines of dingy two-storied brick houses looked out into a small railed-in enclosure, where a lawn of weedy grass and a few clumps of faded laurel bushes made a hard fight against a smoke-laden and uncongenial atmosphere. The words that are utilise here show the pot and unpleasantness of the area. The words pokey, little, shabby-genteel, dingy and smoke-laden all give a pretty close idea that the area was quite chaotic. In The Speckled circle Conan Doyle created a resonateing and frightening atmosphere, as if it was a horror story. The Speckled Band was organise at Stoke Moran in Surrey, which is where Julia Stoner was killed. At the beginning of the story when Helen Stoner is talking to Sherlock Holmes about her problems she describes how the iniquity was when Julia was killed.It was a wild night, this shows that that night was unlike any ordinary night. The wind was howling outside, and the rain was beating and splashing against the windows. This describes a lot of the atmosphere it shows that the weather was quite stormy. This in addition explains why Helen couldnt sleep. Suddenly, amidst all the hubbub of the gale, on that point burst forth the wild scream of a terrified woman. Conan Doyles intended effect was to thrill the contributor Conan Doyle has achieved this by development the words wild, howling and beating. Here the writers effect was to try and scare or thrill the scaner.Whereas in The Blue Carbuncle the atmosphere was a little different. It was a bitter night. Here, Conan Doyle is trying to show the reader that it is cold outside. He achieves this by describing the night as bitter. The reader will also know that it is cold because Holmes and Watson both put on their ulsters and cravats. Outside, the stars were shining coldly in a cloudless sky, here Conan Doyle is trying to show the reader that the area is genuinely calm and peaceful, unlike in The Red Headed League where the area is busy a nd unpleasant.Sir Arthur Conan Doyle used different ways to show that these stories take place in the 1880s and 1890s. Most of the time he mentions carriages, which were used in that time. Nowadays carriages are not used because they have been replaced by cars. In The Red Headed League when Sherlock Holmes is memorising all the shops at Saxe-Coburg Square he comes across a shop that makes carriages. McFarlanes carriage-building depot. Here the writer intended to show the reader that this was a time where carriages were used as a form of transport. The effect on the reader is that the reader knows this story is located in the 1890s.Conan Doyle also uses dates and newspapers to show that these stories are set in the 1880s and 1890s. In The Speckled Band and The Red Headed federation Conan Doyle mentions the date, but he does not mention the date in The Blue Carbuncle. In The Speckled Band, right at the beginning of the story while Dr. Watson is narrating, he says It was early in Apr il, in the category 83 hear the writer is showing the reader that this story is taking place in the class 1883. In The Red Headed League, the note that Jabez Wilson shows to Sherlock Holmes had a date on it. The note said, THE RED-HEADED confederacy IS DISSOLVED.October 9, 1890. too when Mr. Wilson is showing Sherlock Holmes the advertisement he mentions the date on the newspaper. It is The Morning Chronicle of April 27, 1890. comely two months ago. By saying that the newspaper was from two months ago, Conan Doyle is telling the reader that this story was set in 1890. Conan Doyle did not always use the same techniques, to show that each story was set in the 1880s and 1890s. Unlike The Speckled Band and The Red Headed League, in The Blue Carbuncle there are no dates to show that the story is set in the 1880s and 1890s.Conan Doyle uses different techniques to show that this story is also set in that time. In The Blue Carbuncle and The Red Headed Conan Doyle refers to gas-lit la mps, as gas lamps were used in the 1880s and 1890s. In The Blue Carbuncle when Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson were jus about to leave the Breckenridge stall, Watson narrates Turning round we saw a little rat-faced sonny boy standing in the centre of the circle of yellow light which was thrown by the swinging lamp. He also says, He sprang round, and I could perk up in the gas-light that every vestige of colour had been driven from his face. Also in The Red Headed League Watson says, We rattled through an endless labyrinth of gas-lit streets until we emerged into Farrington Street. These references to gas lamps show that the stories were set in the 1880s and 1890s. Conan Doyle also referred to matches in The Speckled Band. Even though we use matches nowadays, we do not use them for the same purposes as in the 1880s and 1890s. In those times they were used to see in the dark or to light lanterns. When Helen stoner is talking about what happened to her sister Julia she mentions a ma tch.In her right hand was found the charred stump of a match, and in her left a match-box. This shows that when Julia woke up she smitten a match to see what was going on. The value of money in the 1880s and the 1890s was a lot different than the value for money now. At that time people were compensable around i 4 a week, which was considered quite a lot of money. Whereas, people now are paid much more and with i 4 you cant really buy much. The social differences in those times also show that these stories were based in the 1880s and 1890s. If you look at Helen Stoner, she was a rich woman that lived in a big house with servants.In those times rich people were considered superior to poorer people. Nowadays you wouldnt bring out servants working for rich people, because weather your rich or poor you have rights. The audience or readers would credit the places named in the stories, which are all in England. The intended effect of the writer was to make the reader tonus as if he or she was in the story itself, which would make it retrieve more dramatic. Conan Doyle achieves this by using areas in London that most people live in. Places such as Holborn and Harrow. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle used very unusual titles for his stories to intrigue the reader.When a reader sees the title The Speckled Band, he or she wouldnt think of a venomous Indian snake. The reader wouldnt know what to think, which make them want to read the story to see what The Speckled Band is. The same with The Red Headed League, which is a very unusual title. The reader wouldnt think that that The Red Headed League was a club for read headed people who were paid i 4 a week for copying the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Conan Doyle uses these unusual titles to throw the reader despatch track. In The Speckled band Conan Doyle makes the reader think that the gypsies are the ones that killed Julia Stoner.He makes it look like all the evidence points to them. Helen Stoner says, perhaps to these very gypsies in the plantation. I do not know whether the descry handkerchiefs which so many of them wear over their heads might have suggested the strange adjective which she used. The effect on the reader was that he or she would be thrown off track to make the story feel more interesting. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses some very interesting openings to grab the readers attention. Also, every character that Conan Doyle introduces is different in some way, which makes the story feel more interesting and also to intrigue the reader.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

The Skills Dilemma Skills Under-Utilisation and Low-Wage Work

The Skills plight Skills Under- purpose of honorables and function and Low-Wage pass away A Bottom Ten cardinal search composing Jonny Wright and Paul Sissons January 2012 Contents 1. origin 2. Skills under- purpose in the UK and low- rent race the scale of measurement of the problem 3. The challenge of up low- lucre die hard the habituate of goods and ope roll of sciences physical exercise 4. An digest of skills under- role in cardinal low- lucre fields sell and cordial reception 5. Conclusions and insurance recommendations Appendix I Under-use of skills in The Work insane asylums Knowledge Workers Survey 8 11 17 27 32 List of Boxes, framings and hedges Box 1 Approaches to skills manipulation Box 2 summary conclusions Drivers of skills under- role in low-wage arnas Figure 1 Perpennyage of employees over and under-skilled, by industry Figure 2 Perpennyage of employees over and under-skilled, by occupation Figure 3 occupation by occupation in the sel l do of import and the consentient rescue Figure 4 handicraft by occupation in cordial reception and the whole parsimoniousness Table 1 Making evil line of credits good 5 23 10 10 18 20 16Ac receiveledgements This paper is published as part of our Bottom Ten Million query broadcast. We would interchangeable to convey our sponsors Barrow Cadbury Trust, Private Equity Foundation, The Tudor Trust and Working Links. We would too like to thank the following expert interviewees Prof. Ewart move on, Thomas Baum, Dr. Odul Bozkurt, Michelle Irving, Anne Murphy, Aoife Ni Luanaigh, David Fuhr, Bob Butcher, Mike Darby Prof. Irena Grugulis, Katerina Rudiger, Linda McLeod, Marc Robertson, Kate Tetley, Prof. Dennis Nickson.Jonathan Wright has left The Work Foundation, the opus does non represent the view of his vernal employers. This paper is the second in a series of publications as part of The Work Foundations new enquiry programme, The Bottom Ten Million, which focuses on the employment prospects of Britains low earners mingled with now and 2020 and seeks to identify the priority sums that need to be tax re routinen if they ar to sh atomic effect 18 in the sources of growth and prosperity over the neighboring ten dollar bill. in that location atomic number 18 ten cardinal stack in Britain who currently fork protrude annual incomes of less than ? 5,000. The Bottom Ten Million programme is sponsored by Working Links, The Tudor Trust, the Barrow Cadbury Trust and the Private Equity Foundation. 2 The Skills plight 1. Introduction There is a skills dilemma in the UK. Successive governments drop focussed on supply- view measures to tackle the UKs skills problems and to reform the nations international frugal competitiveness. However, despite change magnitude investment in skills and educational attainment, toil crossingivity in the UK lags rat other comparator countries. Lord Leitchs review of skills found that the UKs comparatively mise rable skills base only reckons for around genius fifth of the productivity gap with countries such(prenominal) as Ger umpteen and France2 with the rest approximatelyly attributable to our ugly record of investing in fleshly capital, R&D and infra social organization, but commentators go through and through and through in like manner identify the importance of tend giving medication and business concern blueprint in boosting productivity. 3 This paper challenges the implicit assumption in much skills indemnity making that the skills problem lies solely on the supply-side.Supply-side interventions put up certainly boost competitiveness and to a fault create an important influence on individual labour market outcomes however in isolation they hand not been sufficient to close the productivity gap with competitor nations. 4 We in that locationfore entreat that great attention needs to be paid to the limited look at for skills. This argument is not new, Wilson and Hoga rth advocated this view in the early 2000s,5 however ac familiarityment of the issue in indemnity circles, and progress towards cave in demand-side policies, has been painfully slow. The UK faces probatory skills challenges.The suggestion of demand-side line of works should not be taken as implying that at that place argon not further improvements that send word be made in the supply of skills. This is particularly true for the lowest skilled. Whereas the UK ranks 12th for blue take aim skills in the OECD, it is further cig art for medium level skills (18th) and for low skills (17th). 6 The supply of skills has important implications for the talent of employers to recruit a suitably qualified and skilled doforce. Last years national employer skills keep an eye on found that 19 per cent of employers were suffering from a skills gap. It is indeed clear that on-going childbeds to improve the supply of skills stay on important. 8 However, there is a ontogenesis corpse of research arguing that the skills problem is related not only to skills supply but alike to poor skills use. For this study we adopt a definition of skills utilisation that captures both(prenominal) the individual, firm level and potential national effects, and which was develop by the frugal Funding Council (SFC) who have youngly funded a programme of 12 projects which test different flakes to skills utilisation.CFE (2008) Skills Utilisation Literature freshen up, sparing governing Social investigate Leitch Review of Skills (2005) Skills in the UK The long-term challenge HM Treasury 3 Keep, E. , Mayhew, K. and Payne, J. (2006) From Skills whirling to productiveness Miracle not as easy as it sounds? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 224. 4 CFE (2008) Skills Utilisation Literature Review, Scottish Government Social Research 5 Wilson, R. and Hogarth, T. (Eds. (2003) Tackling the Low Skills Equilibrium A Review of Issues and any(prenominal)(prenominal) New Evidence De partment of Trade and Industry 6 UKCES (2010) Ambition 2020 7 UKCES (2009) exercise Employer Skills Survey 8 Lawton, K. (2009) Nice Work If You Can Get It IPPR 1 2 The Skills predicament 3 Introduction Effective skills utilisation is dear about Confident, motivated and relevantly skilled individuals who atomic number 18 aw be of the skills they posses and know how to best use them in the workplace. Working in Workplaces that provide meaningful and appropriate encouragement, opportunity and stand for employees to use their skills effectively.In range to Increase performance and productivity, improve job satisf achievemention and employee well- world, and stimulate investment, enterprise and innovation. earlier research by The Work Foundation has found that between 35 and 45 per cent of employees notion their skills are under- falld. 9 Other employee reports such as the UK Skills Survey have inform similar results. Skills under-utilisation is excessively to a greater extent prevalent in low-wage vault of heavens. Employer demand for skills is lowest in empyreans such as retail and hospitality those sphere of influences which also employ the most low-wage workers.Skills utilisation matters for the UK thriftiness, for employers and for employees. Firstly, although the UK workforce has become increasingly skilled in late(a) years, the productivity gap with comparator countries re of imports. There is a growing body of research that argues that a demand-side approach is need to help close the gap. Secondly, reform skills utilisation matters for employers because it rear end result in better motivated, confident and generative employees and reduce staff turnover. And furthermostly, better skills utilisation can make work more satisfying for employees, and improve their prospects for progression. 0 Therefore, failure to understand and address the skills problem appropriately will not only lug the UKs long term growth potential but whitethorn also dampen hearty mobility. 9 10 Brinkley, I. et al. (2009) Knowledge Workers and Work The Work Foundation CFE (2008) Skills Utilisation Literature Review Scottish Government Social Research The Skills Dilemma 4 Introduction Box 1 Approaches to skills utilisation adept problem inherent in the skills utilisation agenda is that the term skills utilisation is subject to a relatively wide variety of definitions.These definitional problems are also exhibited in practical skills utilisation policies, with the early evaluation license from Scotland suggesting a follow of pilot projects leaned quite heavily towards the supply-side of skills. There are also a number of different approaches to skills utilisation these have been mathematical grouped as market- determined, state-driven and holistic (see table below). These approaches differ in their focus, main number one woods and models of delivery as well as in their intended outcomes.The following table provides an overview of alm ost of these differences regarding both their implementation and sham Implementation of approaches Market driven Focus Driver Model Organisation work performance HPW acquisition transfer Leadership and attention Employee trust State driven Organisation matter productivity study schema Workplace projects Buy-in employers, employees Holistic Industry/ subject National prosperity National st castgy (combining acquisition and utilisation) Stakeholder engagement Sector wide projects FundEnablers Impact of approaches Market driven Take up Outcomes economic Low Profit Sales Productivity Job satis particularion Staff retention/ motivation Work intensification Employee buy-in State driven No cause Productivity Holistic No tell apart expend of resources Improved innovation Improved collaboration Outcomes social Well-being Working conditions Equality and diversity Buy-in public exposure Limitations Broad approach MeasurementS (Source CFE, 2008)Generally speaking skills utilisati on is presented as a positive creation, although some commentators viewing the concept in its broadest sense also argue that management practices aimed at deliberately limiting the use of employees skills can also be vitrines of skills utilisation. The challenges faced by low-wage workers including the under-utilisation of skills in low-skill low-wage vault of heavens are driven by multiple factors. There are forces both inside and outside of the workplace that shape under-utilisation outcomes. The skills ecosystem captures the context in which skills are true and used.It allows the business setting, the institutional and constitution simulations (skill and The Skills Dilemma 5 Introduction non-skill found), the modes of engaging and contracting labour (such as labour hire ar settingments) and the structure of jobs (for pillow slip job anatomy and work governing). 11 Initiatives to improve skills utilisation have been undertaken in Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia, a nd also Scotland where the Skills Strategy makes a commitment to improving the skills and employability of individuals and creating noble skill, gamey productivity, healthy workplaces where this talent can be best used. 2 But there is no established insurance response in England. Changes in the structure of the labour market in late years have placed new pressures on lowwage workers. The labour market has become increasingly polarised into low-wage, low-skill jobs and elevated-wage, high skills jobs and the recession has accelerated this structural change. 13 We also know that progression from low-wage work is often quite poor. Furthermore it is forecast that there will not be significantly fewer low-wage jobs in the UK by 2020, yet there will be relatively few adults in the labour market with no strengths. 4 Brockmann, Clarke and Winch have also identified there is a cultural difference between how work is conceived in the UK and overseas. 15 In comparator countries progressi on is an integral aspect of any occupation, and the floor of negligible training containd is often much higher(prenominal). This incentivises employers to maximise the productivity of its workforce through job design to cover training costs. Conversely, the UK jobs market is increasingly characterised by a long tail of low-wage work,16 with limited opportunities to progress.A new review of international skills policy has identified three main approaches to tackling skills under-utilisation market driven, state driven, and holistic. 17 In countries such as Finland and Ireland the state has played a leading role establishing a policy mannequin to encourage government activitys to maximise skills utilisation. Other countries have taken a more holistic approach involving employers, employees, acquisition providers and the state to achieve industry wide and national impacts on productivity. 18 The Skills Ecosystem Project in Australia is an utilisation of a holistic approach. h igh-pitched performance functional, which has been the central plank of the English response to employer skills use, is a market driven approach which includes activities in the areas of human resource management, Buchanan, J. et al. (2010), Skills demand and utilisation An international review of approaches to measuring stick and policy outgrowth OECD Local Economic and Employment Development Working musical themes, 2010 12 Skills for Scotland at http//www. scotland. gov. uk/Resource/ atomic number 101/326739/0105315. pdf accessed on 22 November 2010 p. 7 13 Sissons, P. 2011) The Hourglass and the Escalator crowd market change and mobility The Work Foundation 14 Lawton, K. (2009) Nice Work If You Can Get It IPPR 15 Brockmann, M. , Clarke, L. and Winch, C. (2011) European Skills and Qualifications Towards a European fag out Market Routledge 16 Clayton, N. and Brinkley, I. (2011) Welfare to What? Prospects and challenges for employment recovery, The Work Foundation 17 CFE (2008 ) Skills Utilisation Literature Review, Scottish Government Social Research 18 CFE (2008) Skills Utilisation Literature Review, Scottish Government Social Research 11 The Skills Dilemma Introduction work transcription, management and leadership, and organisational teaching. Although, less than a terzetto of organisations in the UK take a HPW approach (2008 Employer skills survey). 19 This paper In this paper we analyse skill utilisation in two domains in the UK miserliness hospitality and retail which employ a relatively high equipoise of the low-earners and which exhibit high levels of skills underutilisation compared to other sphere of influences. We focus on the following questions 1.What are the main drivers of skills under-utilisation in low-wage sectors in the UK? 2. What can and should be done to address skills under-utilisation in low-wage sectors in the UK? The paper also reports on examples of skills utilisation best practice in comparator countries before develo ping a set of policy recommendations for UK policy makers and employers. The research method inquired both a review of the existing literature on skills utilisation and how this applies to the case study examples as well as undertaking 15 expert interviews.These interviews covered a range of actors including academic experts, Unions, Sector Skills Councils, employer and trade bodies, and central government. The Skills Dilemma builds on our existing Bottom Ten Million evidence base. The paper aims to highlight the role that improved utilisation can play in generating better work outcomes for the Bottom Ten Million and to raise sentience of skills under-utilisation in England. Better skills utilisation also has the potential to generate higher productivity levels for businesses and to bring about advances for the wider economy.The paper is structured as follows section 2 outlines the scale of the problem in the UK fragment 3 examines the barriers to improving low-wage work and the role of skills utilisation Section 4 explores the drivers of skills under-utilisation and barriers to better skills utilisation in two low-wage industrial sectors hospitality Retail ? ? Section 5 summarises our findings and sets out a series of policy recommendations. 19 UKCES, High Performance Working The Skills Dilemma 7 2. Skills under-utilisation in the UK and low-wage work the scale of the problemWhile there is growing evidence that under-utilisation of skills by employers is an issue, there is no established definition of skills utilisation. This makes measuring the issue problematic. In part this reflects the insufficient understanding or awareness of the problem in government and amongst employers (especially in England), when compared to supply-side challenges such as skills conciseages and skills gaps. As such, policy makers have not sufficiently recognised the importance of demand-side measures such as improved work organisation practices and job design in deliver ing skills improvements.This is despite there being take-up of this policy agenda in other countries, including Scotland. put across on skills has traditionally been measured utilize qualifications across the workforce but this does not take account of the skills which pack acquire through non formal and informal learning both at work and deep down their wider lives. 20 Qualifications are only one measure of skills in the workforce a more schoolwide understanding takes into consideration the three logics of skill21 Behavioural the personal qualities of the worker to deal with social relationships Cognitive level and kind of education and training undertaken by the population to help it understand and act in the world Technical the dexterity to undertake particular set projects. Any attempt to measure skills under-utilisation must therefore take into account this holistic understanding of skills different types of skills are gived and under-utilised in different workp laces.The scale of the problem in the UK There is a significant body of evidence demonstrating that the UK lags behind comparator countries in terms of the quality of skills in the workplace. Whereas the UK ranks 12th for high level skills in the OECD, it is further behind for average level skills (18th) and for low level skills (17th). 22 This has resulted in some skills gaps and skills shortages for UK employers, with the 2009 National Employer Skills Survey finding that 19 per cent of establishments reported a skills gap among their employees. 3 However there is a growing body of research (both from this country and abroad) that argues that the skills problem is related not only to skills supply but also to sluttish demand for skills and poor skills utilisation. The term Low Skills Equilibrium was coined in 1988 by Finegold and Soskice (and subsequently developed by academics such as Ewart Keep) to describe what they saw as a systems failure in the British economy an economy c haracterised by low-wages and with a relatively high counterpoise of low specification companies in which demand for high level skills is relatively low. 0 Payne, J. (2010) Skills Utilisation towards a measurement and evaluation framework SKOPE Research constitution No. 93 21 Buchanan et al. (2010), Skills demand and utilisation An international review of approaches to measurement and policy knowledge, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development Working Papers, 2010 22 UKCES (2010) Ambition 2020 23 Wright, J. , Clayton, N. and Brinkley, I. (2010) Employability and Skills in the UK, The Work Foundation 8 The Skills Dilemma Skills under-utilisation in the UK and low-wage work the scale of the problemFelstead et al. have pointed out that whilst a relative end of skills demand and supply exists for those jobs requiring high level qualifications, an aggregate imbalance exists for those requiring intermediate and no qualifications. 24 In a study of Skills at Work between 1986 and 2006 it has been shown that the number of people in the workforce with no qualifications has locomote far faster than the number of jobs requiring no qualifications (the number of people with no qualifications fell by 5. million between 1986 and 2006 whilst the number of jobs requiring no qualifications for entry fell by 1. 2 million). The result has been a growing mis taking into custody between individuals with no qualifications and jobs which require no qualification requirements. 25 The most useful data on skills under-utilisation however comes from employees themselves. 26 A body of evidence suggests that skills under-utilisation affects a higher resi receivable of the UK workforce than does skills gaps or skills shortages.A study by The Work Foundation in 2009 found that between 35 and 45 per cent of employees matte up that their skills were under-utilised. 27 Furthermore, skills under-utilisation is more prevalent amongst people in jobs requiring some or little knowledge c ontent 36 per cent of knowledge workers reported that their jobs under-utilised their skills compared to 44 per cent in jobs with some or little knowledge content.Moreover, the UK Skills Survey found that the proportion of employees reporting that they are over skilled is highest in the low-skill/low-pay sectors and occupations with over 55 per cent of people works in the hotels and catering industry reporting being over skilled compared to approximately 20 per cent in finance over 60 per cent of workers in elementary level jobs reported being over skilled compared to less than 20 per cent in managerial positions (see Figures 1 and 2 below). The UK skills survey also suggests that the skills under-utilisation problem is getting worse over time.The percentage of employees reporting high levels of discretion at work jobs which are likely to make better use of employees judgement and skill dropped from 57 per cent in 1992 to 43 per cent in 2001, and remained at this level in 2006. 28 Despite this, there is limited public awareness of the issue in England and skills utilisation does not consume heavily in skills policy. But there are examples elsewhere of how skills utilisation policies can be effectively built, and can benefit both employees and firms.England is relatively isolated in having bombasticly ignored the importance of work organisation and job design in delivering skills improvements. In a number of other European countries, government workplace organisation initiatives have been implemented to improve job quality and enhance productivity. 29 Countries which have pursued these policies include the Nordic states, Germany and Ireland. 30 Buchanan et a. l (2010), Skills demand and utilisation An international review of approaches to measurement and policy development, OECD Local Economic and Employment Development Working Papers, 2010 25 Felstead, A. Gallie, D. , Green, F. and Zhou, Y. (2007) Skills at Work, 1986-2006 26 Payne, J. (2010) Skills Utilis ation towards a measurement and evaluation framework SKOPE Research Paper No. 93 27 Brinkley et al. (2009) Knowledge Workers and Work, The Work Foundation 28 Felstead, A. , Gallie, D. , Green, F. and Zhou, Y. (2007) Skills at Work, 1986-2006 29 Keep, E. , Mayhew, K. and Payne, J. 2006. From Skills Revolution to Productivity Miracle Not As Easy As It Looks? , Oxford Review of Economic Policy 224, pp539-559 30 Ibid 24 The Skills Dilemma 9Skills under-utilisation in the UK and low-wage work the scale of the problem Figure 1 Percentage of employees over and under-skilled, by industry 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-skilled Under-skilled % na nc Ed e uc at i El o n ec tri ca l He Co al th ns tru Pu ct io bl n ic ad m in Ag . ric M in ul in tu g re /fi sh Re in g O al th es er ta co te m m M an uni ty uf W ac ho tu r le sa ing Tr le/r e an sp tail or Ho ta te tio ls/ n ca te rin g Fi Source 2001 UK Skills Survey Figure 2 Percentage of employees over and under-skilled, by occupation 70 60 50 40 % 30 20 10 0 Over-skilled Under-skilled n ag Pr er of s es sio As na s. ls Pr of . /t ec h. Se cr et ar Sk ia ille l d Pe tra rs de on s al se rv ice s Sa le s es s an to Pl Source 2001 UK Skills Survey 10 El em en ta ry M pe ra tiv oc c Al l Al l The Skills Dilemma 3. The challenge of improving low-wage work the role of skills utilisation Low-wage workers face a number of typical challenges in the labour market. For example low-paid/ low-skilled workplaces tend to have few development and progression opportunities, worse HR practices and higher staff turnover. 1 In this chapter we discuss the wider challenges faced in improving lowwage work, and we consider the role which skills utilisation policies can play in this. Skills utilisation is certainty not a magic lick to resolve all the challenges faced in improving the lot of low-wage workers. Improving skills utilisation is potentially a useful strategy in generating better work outcomes however to fundamentally address the issue s faced by low-wage earners, it must be part of a broader suite of measures. There are a number of native drivers which serve to make things challenging for low-wage workers, these include The structure of the labour market and the types of jobs that are growing and declining The poor conception of work in low-wage sectors The incarnate strategies choose by firms in low-wage paying industries which often contend on cost rather than quality The forms of work organisation and management techniques adopted by low-wage employers The weak career and wage progression that is often experienced by people at the bottom of the labour market Wage discrepancy and the level of the National tokenish Wage.The primary focus of research in this paper is on the third and fourth bullets, which are concerned with employer demand for skills and how well employers utilise the skills of their workforce. However, in this chapter we also discuss the issues raised by the other bullets, which skill s utilisation policies would not directly address.The changing structure of the UK labour market During the past few decades the UK economy has undergone a structural change, with the economy increasingly based on knowledge, rather than routine mathematical product, and with new jobs created in large numbers in high-skill/high-wage professional and managerial occupations. However this growth in jobs at the top is not the entire story.Evidence shows that over the last 25 years the labour market has become increasingly hollowed-out, as middle wage/middle skill jobs have been lost in significant numbers and this contract accelerated noticeably during the recent recession. 32 There is a growing body of evidence which suggests that labour markets in a number of developed countries are becoming increasingly polarised into lovely and lousy jobs. 33 There are several accountings for this trend Newton, B. , Miller, L. , Bates, P. , Page, R. nd Akroyd, K. (2006) Learning Through Work Liter acy, language, numeracy and IT skills development in low-paid, low-skilled workplaces Institute for Employment Studies Report 433 32 Sissons, P. (2011) The Hourglass and the Escalator Labour market change and mobility The Work Foundation 33 Goos, M. and Manning, A. (2003) Lousy and lovely jobs the come up polarization of work in Britain CEP Working Paper 31 The Skills Dilemma 11 The challenge of improving low-wage work the role of skills utilisation Technological change and the automation of routine jobs34 Globalisation and off-shoring of semi-skilled production jobs has reduced demand for some groups of workers35 Growth in high-skill occupations can in itself increase the demand for lower level jobs, particularly in private personal utilitys36 Other socio-demographic trends, for example those associated with increasing female participation in the labour market and the aging population, have also change magnitude the demand for some personal benefit occupations. 37One implica tion of a more polarised job market is that it can have direct implications for employment and remuneration mobility, as individuals can become trapped in poor quality, low-paid work. More generally, the labour market trends clearly show there remains significant numbers of jobs which have low qualifications requirements, and also have relatively low utilisation of skills. These jobs appear to be an enduring feature of the UK labour market, and it is therefore pertinent to explore what can be done to ameliorate the effects for individuals deep down these jobs.Corporate strategy and the organisation of low-wage work The central barrier to improving skills utilisation is employer demand for skills. This demand tends to be relatively weak in a number of sectors as a result of firms corporate strategies and their models of work organisation. Policy makers work under the assumption that skill acquisition is a good thing, however increase skills need to be effectively utilised indoors firms, and this is often not the case. 8 Therefore demand-side strategies are fundamental in order to address skills utilisation, as Keep argues39 instead of assuming that the appoint to the desired skills revolution is the supply of more skills, concentrate on stimulating demand for higher levels of skill, through seeking to upgrade product market strategies, enhance product and service quality and specification, and re-design jobs and work organisation so as to minimise dead end, low-skill jobs and maximise the opportunities for the entire workforce to both acquire and utilise higher levels of learning and skill. Goos, M. , Manning, A. nd Salomons, A. (2010) Explaining job polarization in Europe The roles of technology, globalization and institutions CEP Discussion Paper No. 1026 Goos, M. and Manning, A. (2003) Lousy and lovely jobs the rising polarization of work in Britain CEP Working Paper Autor, D. , Levy, F. and Murnane, R. (2003) The skill-content of recent technological ch ange An empirical investigation Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol 188, pp1279-1333 Autor, D. , Katz, L. and Kearney, M. (2006) Measuring and interpreting trends in economic inequality AEA Papers and Proceedings 962 Autor, D. and Dorn, D. 2009) Inequality and specialization The growth of lowskill service jobs in the United States IZA Discussion Paper No. 4290 35 OECD (2011) Growing income inequality in OECD countries What drives it and how can policy tackle it? OECD, Paris 36 CEDEFOP (2011) Labour market polarization and elementary occupations in Europe blip or long-term trend? CEDEFOP Research Paper No. 9 37 Ibid 38 Keep, E. (2000) Learning organisation, lifelong learning and the secret of the vanishing employers SKOPE Research Paper Number 8 39 Ibid 34 12 The Skills Dilemma The challenge of improving low-wage work the role of skills utilisationKeep, Mayhew and Payne also make the case that the public policy focus and expenditure on the skills supply-side alone is likely to have only a muted impact if similar attention is not focused on employer demand for skills40 while there are numerous expensive public programmes aimed at enhancing the skills of the future and existing workforce, there is no parallel effort aimed at work organization and job redesign. The central cause of low employer demand for skills often relates to employers product market strategies, and this in turn often influences their method of work organisation.Low-paid employees are more likely to be found in firms which compete on cost rather than quality and they are particularly over represented in the retail sector and in smaller firms. 41 A low-cost product market strategy has particular implications for the utilisation of skills, with many employers with low-cost strategies viewing their workforces as an easily substitutable factor of production, or as a cost to be minimised, rather than as assets and sources of competitive returns in their own right. 2 This strategy informs the or ganisation of work and job design adopted by many low-wage employers with low-skill jobs often organised using Taylorist forms of job design which give workers little task autonomy, discretion or flexibility. 43 This is in sharp contrast to high-end knowledge workers who often have big autonomy and flexibility over their work. More generally, cost pressures on employers can also result in relying more on contingent labour with the increasing use of temporary workers. 44 Often employers producing pulmonary tuberculosis goods are not acting irrationally by following standardised, low cost approaches.Keep estimates that only 30 per cent of the population have an income high enough to support purchasing high value added, customised goods and function on a regular basis. 45 However the low-road strategies adopted can become a vicious cycle Products are poor because the workforce skills to produce better ones are often lacking, and skills are poor because existing product market strate gies do not demand high levels of skill and because work has been organised, and jobs are designed to require low levels of skill and discretion.Low wages can also result in a further reinforcing factor, limiting consumer demand for more highly specified products and services. 46 Keep, E. , Mayhew, K. and Payne, J. 2006. From Skills Revolution to Productivity Miracle Not As Easy As It Looks? , Oxford Review of Economic Policy 224 pp539-559 41 Newton, B. , Miller, L. , Bates, P. , Page, R. and Akroyd, K. (2006) Learning Through Work Literacy, language, numeracy and IT skills development in low-paid, low-skilled workplaces Institute for Employment Studies Report 433 42 Keep, E. 2009 scalawag 5) Labour market structures and trends, the future of work and the implications for initial E&T Beyond Current Horizons Paper 43 Newton, B. , Miller, L. , Bates, P. , Page, R. and Akroyd, K. (2006) Learning Through Work Literacy, language, numeracy and IT skills development in low-paid, low-skil led workplaces Institute for Employment Studies Report 433 Keep E (2000) Learning organisation, lifelong learning and the mystery of the vanishing employers SKOPE Research Paper Number 8 44 Metcalf, H. and Dhudwar, A. (2010) Employers role in the low-pay/no-pay cycle Joseph Rowntree Foundation 45 Keep, E. 2000) Learning organisation, lifelong learning and the mystery of the vanishing employers SKOPE Research Paper Number 8 46 Wilson, R. and Hogarth, T. (Eds. ) (2003) Tackling the Low Skills Equilibrium a review of issues and some new evidence, DTI 40 The Skills Dilemma 13 The challenge of improving low-wage work the role of skills utilisation These forms of corporate strategies are also influenced by the particular variant of Anglo-Saxon capitalism and its focus on short-term results. 47 There is therefore an enormous challenge in producing the type of demand-side improvement which is required to better utilise individuals skills.It should be stressed that the product market strateg y is not the only influencing factor. Low-wage/ low-skilled service sector jobs are also a product of the institutional environment. Gray highlights the lack of unionization in many low-wage service sector occupations as being a key determinant of them being bad jobs, pointing to the fact that unionisation vastly improved the pay, terms and conditions for manufacturing jobs which (prior to unionisation) were often casual, ill-paid, with appalling working conditions. 8 The product market strategy therefore sits within a wider skills ecosystem which determines skills use, the skills ecosystem includes factors both internal and external to firms. The OECD defines elements of a skills ecosystem as49 line of work settings (eg enterprise design, networks financial system) Institutional and policy frameworks (skill and non-skill based) Modes of engaging labour (eg standard contracts, labour hire arrangements) mental synthesis of jobs (eg job design, work organisation) and, Level an d types of skill formation (eg apprenticeship arrangements, informal on-the-job).Career progression from low-wage work One of the superlative challenges for low-wage workers is the lack of career progression or earnings mobility. 50 However, a number of interventions have been shown to be effective in boosting career progression. 51 In the US in particular there is a growing literature on adopting career ladders as a boost to earnings progression within employers or individual sectors although it should be noted that there are some questions surrounding the efficacy of this approach in some employment sectors notably some parts of the service sector.Workers can also be helped to progress through back up policies which enhance their ability to move between employers, for example by supporting lifelong learning and through the provision of effective careers advice. 47 Keep, E. (2000) Learning organisation, lifelong learning and the mystery of the vanishing employers SKOPE Research Paper Number 8 48 Gray, M. (2004) The social construction of the service sector institutional structures and labour market outcomes in Geoforum 35, pp23-34 Sissons, P. 2011) The Hourglass and the Escalator Labour market change and mobility The Work Foundation For a summary see Sissons, P. (2011) The Hourglass and the Escalator Labour market change and mobility The Work Foundation 50 51 49 OECD (May 2010) Skills demand and utilisation an international review of approaches to measurement and policy development 14 The Skills Dilemma The challenge of improving low-wage work the role of skills utilisation Wage inequality and the minimum wage During the last three decades the labour market has become increasingly unequal and wage inequality has grown sharply.Wage inequalities increased very dramatically in the 1980s, as both upper-tail and lower-tail wage inequality grew. 52 This trend continued, albeit at a slower rate, during the 1990s. In the 2000s there was a slightly different patter n as lower-tail wage inequality declined somewhat, while uppertail inequality continued to grow. 53 Inequality considerations aside, there is an argument that the single most effective intervention to increase skills utilisation might be to raise the National Minimum Wage.Edwards, Sengupta and Tsai argue that the availability of relatively cheap labour undermines the incentive for employers to pursue a high-road high-value added path and that increasing the National Minimum Wage would be a key means to encourage employers to move off a low-skills path. 54 Again there are examples from other countries on which we can draw, where there exists more widespread use of licence to practice regulation in the labour market which is often reinforced by wage systems that more generously reward lower level occupational employment. 5 Good and bad work The preceding sections have highlighted the number of factors which make it challenging for low earners. As such better skills utilisation polici es are required as part of the broader challenge of improving lowwage work. There is an emerging body of literature, particularly from Canada and the US, about what can be done to upgrade low-wage service sector work. Part of this upgrading is about improving wages and part is about improving conditions.It is argued that low-wage service jobs are the last frontier of inefficiency and it is advocated that more service sector firms take the high-road by investing in workers skills to enable them to perform at a higher standard. 56 Other work in the US also charts a route procedure to better jobs. Paul Osterman in his body of work on making bad jobs good provides a useful framework for how we might approach these wider issues. Osterman concentrates on both improving existing bad jobs and encouraging policy to support the formation of new good jobs.Table 1 provides his conceptualisation of the needs, as well as the policy levers needed, to improve work. These are both standard setting , for example through national and local Upper-tail wage inequality is the difference between earners at the 90th percentile and those at the median lowertail wage inequality is the difference between earners at the median and those at the 10th percentile of the earnings distribution 53 See Kasparova, D. , Wyatt, N. , Mills, T. and Roberts, S. (2010) Pay Who were the winners and losers of the New Labour era?The Work Foundation 54 Edwards, P. , Sengupta, S. and Tsia, C-J. (2007) Managing work in the low-skill equilibrium A study of UK food manufacturing SKOPE Research Paper Number 72 55 Keep, E. (2009) Labour market structures and trends, the future of work and the implications for initial E&T Beyond Current Horizons Paper 56 For a brief summary see Florida, R. (2010) the States needs to make its bad jobs better (http//www. creativeclass. com/rfcgdb/articles/America%20needs%20to%20make%20its%20bad%20jobs%20better. pdf) 52 The Skills Dilemma 15The challenge of improving low-wage work the role of skills utilisation regulation and, programmatic or skillful assistance based which support sector or firm specific good practice. 57 Table 1 Making bad jobs good Standard setting Make bad jobs good Minimum wage Living wages Unionisation Community Benefit Agreements Managed tax incentives Programmatic Career ladders Intermediaries Sectoral programmes Extension services Sectoral programmes Consortia or partnerships under business or union auspices Source Osterman58 Create more good jobs58Findings In this chapter we have explored some broader labour market issues in order to place skills utilisation within a framework of broader changes required to improve the lot of the Bottom Ten Million. The aim has been to show how and where skills utilisation policies have the potential to have a beneficial impact for low-wage workers, but also to show they are not a magic bullet. To systematically improve the position of low-wage workers, skills utilisation needs to be part of a broa der suite of policies which also address opportunities for progression and wage increases.Community Benefit Agreements essentially involve local government agreeing elements of job quality with a developer as part of a large development project managed tax incentives place job quality stipulations as part of tax breaks and incentives offered by economic development actors 58 Osterman, P. (2008) Improving job quality policies aimed at the demand side of the low wage labor market in A Future of Good Jobs? Americas Challenge in the Global Economy, Bartik, T. and Houseman, S. (eds). Upjohn Institute, pp. 203-244 http//research. upjohn. org/up_bookchapters/10 57 16 The Skills Dilemma 4.An analysis of skills under-utilisation in two low-wage sectors retail and hospitality This section summarises the main findings of the expert interviews conducted between July and October 2011 in order to identify the main drivers of skills under-utilisation and the barriers to improving skills utilisat ion in two low-wage sectors retail and hospitality. 4. 1 Sector profile Retail The retail sector is the UKs largest source of private sector employment, and despite the damaging impact of the economic downturn (resulting in over 6,000 insolvencies59) employs approximately 2. 8 million people (over 10 per cent of the UKs workforce).It includes retail sales in60 Example Non-specialised monetary funds Specialised stores Pharmaceutical goods New goods in specialised stores Second-hand goods Not in store Supermarkets and department stores Butchers, greengrocers, fishmongers and tobacconists Chemists and pharmacies Stores selling textiles, clothing, books, electrical household appliances, furniture and lighting Charity shops and eBay Catalogue and mail order sales, online and via stalls and markets The retail sector is diverse approximately two-thirds of people employed within the sector work in large retailers however 99 per cent of retailers employ less than 50 people (accounting for 28 per cent of employment). 61 It is also highly polarised knowledge intensive work is concentrated in operate offices and head quarters, and less knowledge intensive work is concentrated on the shop floor. Figure 3 below shows the occupational breakdown of the sector.Almost 20 per cent of retail workers are employed in managerial positions (higher than the national average), but 50 per cent are employed in sales and customer service occupations and 14 per cent in elementary level jobs. Softer customer facing skills are therefore in higher demand in the retail sector. Low pay is also prevalent the median periodic wage in the sector is ? 6. 94, which compares to ? 10. 97 for all employees in the UK. 62 Previous research has suggested that the wholesale and retail industries tend to have some of the highest levels of skills under-utilisation, with 43 per cent of employees reporting being over-skilled and http//www. bis. gov. k/policies/business-sectors/retail Skillsmart retail (201 0) 61 UK Business Activity Size and Location (2010) 59 60 62 Earnings, right for National Statistics The Skills Dilemma Defined as SIC 47 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles. one-year Survey of Hours and 17 An analysis of skills under-utilisation in two low-wage sectors retail and hospitality Figure 3 Employment by occupation in the retail sector and the whole economy 60. 0% 50. 0% 40. 0% 30. 0% 20. 0% 10. 0% 0. 0% ns ns ns cr et ar ia at ion s ca l er at iv e f ic ial at io at io Te ch ni at io Employment by occupation in retail and the whole economy All economy Retail sO cc up cu p cu p Oc m en ta ry Ele at io ns l s s Op neOf oc cu p an d ni na l an d ice Se Tr ad e ice m er S er v Pr oc es s, P lan ist ra tiv e es sio M an ag er s es sio ille d Pe rs on al Pr of ro f in Sk As so cia t Source Labour Force Survey Q4, 2010 Retail defined as SIC 47 (Retail trade, except vehicles) 52 per cent over-qualified. 63 This level of under-utilisation is above that obser ved in other sectors of the economy, with the exception of hotels and catering. It is also important to note based on the occupational structure of the retail sector that 45 per of sales workers reported being over-skilled and 57 per cent over-qualified (the highest level amongst all occupations).Furthermore, research published by The Work Foundation64 in 2009 found that 55 per cent of servers and sellers were over-skilled for their job. However, some interviewees felt that skills underutilisation was a major problem which extended all the way up the line to management roles. There was also a perceived lack of skills development and training in the retail sector. One possible explanation for the reported levels of skills under-utilisation is the flexible genius of retail work 56 per cent of retail employees work odd-job(prenominal) (twice the UK average), and the mean hours worked in the sector is 27. 4 compared to the UK mean of 32. 5 hours. 5 The part-time and local nature of retail work can be attractive to some people, who require a particular work-life balance (individuals with care responsibilities or students for example). Indeed, a disproportionate amount of store workers are women and young people, especially in supermarkets. One third of employees in the retail sector are under 24 These are self-assessed incidences of under-utilisation which draw on the 2001 Skills Survey see Green, F. and McIntosh, S. (2002) Is there a genuine underutilisation of skills amongst the over-qualified? SKOPE Research Paper No. 30 2002 64 Brinkley, I. , Fauth, R. , Mahdon, M. and Theodoropoulou, S. (2009) Knowledge Workers and Knowledge Work 65 Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (2009) 63 18 Sa le sa nd Cu st oAd m eP ta nd M ac hi na l Se rv an d Oc cu p or Se Oc The Skills Dilemma An analysis of skills under-utilisation in two low-wage sectors retail and hospitality years of age (compared to 13 per cent in the economy as a whole)66 and 61 per cent female, compare d to 49 per cent in the economy as a whole. 67 Not all interviewees perceived skills under-utilisation to be a major concern for the retail sector some considered the (inadequate) supply of skills to be a bigger challenge for employers. The sector employs a large proportion of people with low-level qualifications for example 31 per cent of sales staff have below level two qualifications. 8 Skillsmart Retail have identified technical and practical skills, customer handling, and management skills to be the main skills gap areas and in need of improvement interviewees cited the sectors poor image as a barrier to attracting the right people to address these skills needs. It is also worth noting on the positive side that there has been a greater emphasis on training and skills development in the retail sector in recent years. Although the retail sector accounts for 10 per cent of employment in the private sector it accounts for 12 per cent of training spend. The qualification framework h as also been simplified to increase transferability. cordial reception Hospitality is the countrys fifth largest industry and employs more than 2. 4 million people. 9 In the decade prior to the recession, the rate of employment growth in hospitality outstripped employment growth in the wider economy it has also been recently predicted that the sector has the potential to generate relatively strong employment gains over the next decade. 70 The industry includes the following types of employers Contract food service providers Events Gambling Holiday parks Hospitality services Hostels Hotels Membership clubs Pubs, bars and nightclubs Restaurants Self catering accommodation Tourist services Travel services Visitor attractions Source People 1st The hospitality sector is both broad and diverse it is astray geographically distributed and makes an important contribution to employment in all regions. Firm sizes vary from a neighborhood chip shop Skillsmart Retail Skillsmart Retail 68 Skil lsmart Retail 69 British Hospitality connectedness (http//www. bha. org. k/policy/) 70 See Oxford Economics (2010) Economic contribution of the UK hospitality industry (http//www. baha-uk. org/ OxfordEconomics. pdf) 66 67 The Skills Dilemma 19 An analysis of skills under-utilisation in two low-wage sectors retail and hospitality through to large multinational food service and hotel chains. In general the workforce in the hospitality sector tends to be concentrated in less skilled and lower-wage roles. The median hourly wage in the sector is ? 6. 20, compared to a national average of ? 10. 97. 71 Figure 4 presents the occupational distribution of employees in the hospitality sector compared to the economy as a whole.The most striking feature of the graph is the number of hospitality employees working in elementary jobs (the least skilled job types), with half of all hospitality employees in these posts compared to just 11 per cent in the economy as a whole. 72 Figure 4 Employment b y occupation in hospitality and the whole economy 60. 0% 50. 0% 40. 0% 30. 0% All economy Hospitality 20. 0% 10. 0% 0. 0% ? cia ls re ta ria l s s tio ns Te ch er ati ati ati ati cc up cc up Se c cu p rO pa Oc cu cc u El em en t ar yO pa tio ns on ni on on ve s M ac hi ce ss ,P lan ta nd Pr o ne Op ca l s io lO nd es O Se n an la d e Oc of es sio na er vic io ag er sa ra ti Tr lS ille d rs on a Pr of ist Pr in Sk an Ad m Pe so cia Source Labour Force Survey Q4, 2010 Hospitality defined as SIC 55 and 56 (Accommodation and Food and Beverage Service Activities)Previous research has suggested that the hotels and catering industries tend to have some of the highest levels of skills under-utilisation, with 56 per cent of employees reporting being over-skilled and 50 per Figures refer to gross hourly earnings excluding overtime in 2009 from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings. Hospitality is defined as accommodation and food service activities 72 Elementary jobs are defined by the Offi ce for National Statistics as jobs which require the knowledge and experience necessary to perform mostly routine tasks, often involving the use of simple hand-held tools and, in some cases, requiring a degree of physical effort 71 20 Sa le sa As nd Cu s M te to m er S es s er vic na nd ve ad e The Skills DilemmaAn analysis of skills under-utilisation in two low-wage sectors retail and hospitality cent over-qualified. 73 This under-utilisation is significantly above that observed in other sectors of the economy. One common characteristic across the sector is that there tends to be relatively low barriers to entry in terms of qualifications required for many posts. In the absence of qualification requirements, hospitality sector employees are often recruited on the basis of their office rather than skills sets. The low accreditation needs mean that for some individuals the sector can offer reasonable prospects for progression, both internally or by moving between employers.The sec tor also has a large number of back of house roles so some skills, in particular language ones, are not as much of a barrier to employment as they can be in other sectors. Interviewees pointed towards the high levels of employee turnover in the sector as being an important feature and one that has significant implications for skills use and skills development. More generally it was also felt by some expert interviewees that there was a group of workers in the hospitality industry who are paid less for using comparable skills than they would make for using similar skill sets in other sectors. In part this relates to the fact that profitability of employers in the sector is often very low.Interviewees reported that this was also in large part driven by the fact the sector has historically employed more marginal workers including students and migrants who are less likely to have a voice with employers. When considering skills in the sector it should be noted that there are some issue s around conceptualising skills, and this creates some difficulty in judging the extent of under-utilisation. The skills used, and in demand, in the sector are largely crackers skills such as inter-personal skills and flexibility, rather than formal qualifications. A focus on utilisation of technical skills would therefore provide one measure of skills utilisation, but looking at the use of wider skills, particularly soft skills, would give a different one. This also raises questions about the way skills are valued and rewarded both in the sector and beyond.In practical terms organisations may or may not acknowledge soft skills (in appraisals, progression or pay) where they dont there are clearly questions around whether the organisation knows what skills are and how to value them. Some interviewees suggested that one of the issues around the poor deployment and utilisation of skills in the sector was the result of the sector suffering from a relatively weak quality of management. It was noted by interviewees that HR practice in the sector could be poor, and in common with other sectors smaller employers often have no specialist HR function. However, while under-utilisation was felt to be more prevalent in smaller businesses and those in more peripheral areas, interviewees identified a number of examples of good practice in larger employers.Furthermore, as described previously, the hospitality sector tends to have a relatively high level of staff turnover so in some cases skills under-utilisation can be a short-term issue for an employee. Several 73 These are self-assessed incidences of under-utilisation which draw on the 2001 Skills Survey see Green, F. and McIntosh, S. (2002) Is there a genuine underutilisation of skills amongst the over-qualified? SKOPE Research Paper No. 30 2002 The Skills Dilemma 21 An analysis of skills under-utilisation in two low-wage sectors retail and hospitality interviewees pointed to the large numbers of migrant workers who us e the sector as an initial stepping stone into other sectors for whom again under-utilisation might be a short lived problem. 4. The drivers of skills under-utilisation in low-wage sectors Section 3 highlighted some of the wider drivers which serve to make things challenging for low-wage workers in the UK, such as the poor conception of work in low-wage sectors, corporate strategies based on cost competition, and forms of work organisation based on Taylorist forms of job design which give workers little task autonomy, discretion or flexibility. These themes were highlighted in the expert interviews, but interviewees also identified a set of drivers that were more specific to the retail and hospitality sectors. Retail Retailers are often highly cost competitive. The economic climate was cited as an immediate concern for employers, with store survival often the biggest priority in the short to medium-term.In an attempt to keep costs as low as possible, interviewees identified the cent rally driven de-skilling of work as a common corporate strategy pursued by employers the de-skilling of lower level occupational store work and instore managerial jobs through increasing central office control to increase efficiencies. These models of central management encode a one best way approach. The corollary is that (unlike in Scandinavian countries such as Finland) there is no real capacity for process innovation from employees and product knowledge is declining on the shop floor. The increasing usage of technology and ICT has also reduced employee discretion.Furthermore, this type of work organisation has resulted in a highly polarised workforce with the decline of intermediate level jobs also reducing career progression opportunities. Secondly, given the prevalence of low-skill flexible work the retail sector also traditionally exhibits a relatively high turnover of staff. Before 2006 the turnover rate was above 30 per cent. Although research conducted by the CIPD in 200 9 found that the annual staff turnover had fallen to 17 per cent in the retail and wholesale sector. 74 In this type of environment employers may consider skills development and strategies to improve skills utilisation to be counter productive. A third important driver of skills under-utilisation in the retail sector is employee demand for flexible working arrangements.The previous sub section has presented evidence of the high proportion of women and young people in the retail sector who prefer or require the work-life balance offered by retail work in comparison to other sectors. It may be that there is relatively little demand for job re-design and greater skills utilisation amongst this group. Often in these cases individuals have acquired greater skills than those required for the job, but make a conscious decision to accept less skilled work. 74 CIPD (2009) Recruitment, Retention and Turnover. Annual survey report The Skills Dilemma 22 An analysis of skills under-utilisation i n two low-wage sectors retail and hospitalityMore generally interviewees often felt that there were issues around the quality and completion rate of apprenticeships in the sector with apprenticeships too often not providing apprentices with a broader skills base around retail skills. Hospitality Interviewees identified a number of central drivers of skills under-utilisation in the sector these related to business models and task design, the sectors high staff turnover, and poor management understanding of the skills needed. They also flagged-up the broader issue of pay levels. The business strategies adopted by many employers in the sector were felt by some interviewees to be largely driving the under-utilisation of skills. some(prenominal) employers operate with low-profit margins and compete primarily on cost rather than quality.In this explanation, skills under-utilisation is driven by the low-pay culture, perceptions of competition, and long-term tacit acceptance of low prof it margins and the consumer demand for low prices. Low-value business models were felt to generate more jobs characterised by basic tasks. Issues around the understanding of skills, and the relatively high turnover of employees in the sector were also felt to be important elements in explaining skills under-utilisation. It was reported by interviewees that there was often an incomplete understanding among employers of what skills are required to deliver services effectively with some businesses being fairly woolly about how to match specific skills to a jobs requirements, and employers tending to patently take on whoever is willing to do the job.The high rate of staff turnover was also felt to limit the extent to which employers would explore skills use or development with employees. For employers this stance may seem quite rational why train someone who is going to pull anyway? However it is also the case that greater attention to skills deployment and usage may in turn help to reduce high turnover. As was the case in the retail sector interviews, a third driver was related to employee choice and lifestyle decisions rather than employer behaviour. This is important in two senses. First the sector offers a range of hours and working arrangements and this can make it attractive for people who need a job which fits around other commitments.Secondly, people can trade down in employment terms, but this allows them to live in a location of their choice because hospitality work is so widespread. Box 2 Summary findings Drivers of skills under-utilisation in low-wage sectors Corporate strategies business models competing on cost rather than quality Forms of work organisation and management techniques adopted by low-wage employers Poor conception of work Poor management and understanding of skills needs High turnover of staff Employee demand for flexible working/ work-life balance. 23 The Skills Dilemma An analysis of skills under-utilisation in two low-wage s ectors retail and hospitality 4. What are the barriers to better skills utilisation in low-wage sectors? As well as identifying the main drivers of skills under-utilisation, interviewees also highlighted a set of barriers to improving skills utilisation in low wage sectors. Employers may simply be unaware of the practical benefits of better skills utilisation (to themselves, their employees and the wider economy), see skills utilisation as irrelevant to them, and/or see job design as a cost (in terms of training or higher wages). Interviewees generally agreed that the skills utilisation agenda must be employer-led providing employers with the evidence of the practical benefits is therefore a priority. Secondly, skills utilisation is interdependent on the wider economic development policy being pursued by a nation75 the lack of intermediate level economic development and business support agencies (one example cited was the abolition of the Regional Development Agencies) was identif ied as a barrier to operationalising this agenda in England. Lastly, due to the prevalence of part-time work, unionisation rates are low, and interviewees highlighted that employees have limited representation in skills policy with the lack of employee voice making securing positive changes to work expe